Curr Opin Rheumatol. Bjog. A prospective study that followed a cohort of 46,994 men for 20 years found that total daily vitamin C intake was inversely associated with incidence of gout, with higher intakes being associated with greater risk reductions (119). The effects of antenatal smoking on lung function and respiratory symptoms in infants and children. Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. cholesterol. Crit Care. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Am J Clin Nutr. BMC Complement Altern Med. (PubMed), 145. Although two intervention studies failed to show a reduction in stomach cancer incidence with vitamin C supplementation(35), some research suggests that vitamin C supplementation may be a useful addition to standard H. pylori eradication therapy in reducing the risk of gastric cancer (76). (PubMed), 105. The role of vitamin C as a cofactor is also related to its redox potential. A 2014 meta-analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials in subjects with or without chronic diseases summarized the effect of supplemental vitamin C on endothelial function by measuring FMD (19 studies), assessing forearm blood flow (20 studies), or by pulse wave analysis (5 trials) (39). 1997;15(6):795-801. Synthetic or food-derived vitamin C--are they equally bioavailable? 2008;300(18):2123-2133. Diabet Med. Hemila H. Vitamin C and common cold-induced asthma: a systematic review and statistical analysis. (PubMed), 58. 2015;10(12):e0144920. ascorbic acid in advanced malignancy. Eur J Clin Nutr. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. (PubMed), 72. The measurement of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is often used as a functional marker of endothelial function; FMD values are inversely correlated with the risk of future cardiovascular events (38). Vitamin E and C supplementation and risk of cancer in men: posttrial follow-up in the Physicians' Health Study II randomized trial. Michels AJ, Hagen TM, Frei B. 2008;87(1):64-69. In response to invading microorganisms, phagocytic leukocytes release non-specific toxins, such as superoxide radicals, hypochlorous acid ("bleach"), and peroxynitrite; these reactive oxygen species kill pathogens and, in the process, can damage the leukocytes themselves (15). Linus Pauling Institute 2013;13:52. (PubMed), 26. Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early step in the development of atherosclerosis. Padayatty SJ, Sun H, Wang Y, et al. You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website. Freeman; 1970. (PubMed), 18. Although CSF vitamin C is maintained at concentrations several-fold higher than plasma vitamin C, the precise function of vitamin C in cognitive function and AD etiology is not yet fully understood (102). A 2013 meta-analysis of 53 placebo-controlled trials evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the incidence, duration, or severity of the common cold when taken as a continuous daily supplement (43 trials) or as therapy upon onset of cold symptoms (10 trials) (178). 1999;18(2):166-170. Whether any increase in oxalate levels would translate to an elevation in risk for kidney stones has been examined in several epidemiological studies. Potential mechanisms of action for vitamin C in cancer: reviewing the evidence. Linus Pauling's Basic Vitamin Advice is Centered on Vitamin C, and adds: Vitamin E - 800 to 3200 iu Per Doctor Sinatra's Miracle of CoQ10 book, an epidemiological WHO study showed that heart attack is 70% more likely in people with low blood levels of vitamin E, than in people with high blood pressure or high choleserol. Ann Thorac Surg. (PubMed), 73 Jenab M, Riboli E, Ferrari P, et al. JAMA Intern Med. Overall, observational prospective cohort studies have reported no or modest inverse associations between vitamin C intake and the risk of developing a given type of cancer(37, 61-63). 2001;292(5524):2083-2086. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. Natural resistance to ascorbic acid induced oxidative stress is mainly mediated by catalase activity in human cancer cells and catalase-silencing sensitizes to oxidative stress. Vitamin C supplements are available in many forms, but there is little scientific evidence that any one form is better absorbed or more effective than another. 2004;27(4):925-930. Carr AC, Bozonet SM, Pullar JM, Simcock JW, Vissers MC. Yokoyama T, Date C, Kokubo Y, Yoshiike N, Matsumura Y, Tanaka H. Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in a Japanese rural community. 1999;91(6):547-556. Similarly, higher serum vitamin C concentrations were associated with decreased risks of cancer-specific and all-cause mortality in 16,008 adults from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1994-1998) (129). 2014;4:283. This is typically observed at doses between 200 to 400 mg/day in healthy young adults, with some degree of individual variation (23, 24). Contemp Clin Trials. 2014;13(4):280-300. Cholesterol and the Linus Pauling Therapy - healingwell.com Oregon State University, Updated in January 2006 by: Giana Angelo, Ph.D. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2000:95-185. In both the Japanese (57)and EPIC-Norfolk (58)populations, blood vitamin C concentrations were highly correlated with fruit and vegetable intake. Pocobelli G, Peters U, Kristal AR, White E. Use of supplements of multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E in relation to mortality. Pauling L. The immune system. Interestingly, there was no relationship between diet score and risk of hypertension in those with the lowest plasma vitamin C, and plasma vitamin C was positively associated with risk of hypertension in those with low diet scores (44). Relationship of ascorbic acid to blood lead levels. Free Radic Biol Med. (PubMed), 168. Sodium ascorbate provides 111 mg of sodium (889 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of sodium ascorbate, and calcium ascorbate generally provides 90 to 110 mg of calcium (890-910 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of calcium ascorbate. Dosage is a key factor: low doses are ineffective. (PubMed), 190. Arch Neurol. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. We currently do not know how much vitamin C is required to achieve saturation of cells and tissues in children, older adults, and diseased or stressed individuals. Podmore ID, Griffiths HR, Herbert KE, Mistry N, Mistry P, Lunec J. Vitamin C exhibits pro-oxidant properties. Vitamin C is concentrated in the brain through a combination of active transport into brain tissue and retention via the blood-brain barrier (100). The confirming scientific experiments of Dr. Pauling were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (1990, Vol 87, pgs 6204-6207) and Dr. Pauling was . However, cases have occurred in children and the elderly on very restricted diets (33, 34). 307 Linus Pauling Science Center 2009;16(1):93-98. Because oxalate is a metabolite of vitamin C, there is some concern that high vitamin C intake could increase the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones. 2014;53(5):1255-1262. Two large prospective studies found dietary vitamin C intake to be inversely associated with breast cancer incidence in certain subgroups. The capacity of vitamin C to influence the methylation status of DNA and histones in mammalian cells supports a role for the vitamin in health and disease beyond what was previously understood, in particular by safeguarding genome integrity (3, 4). Pauling L. Vitamin C therapy and advanced cancer (letter). Linus Pauling recommended at least 3000mg of vitamin C per day as a preventive dose, and significantly higher levels of both vitamin C and lysine for the treatment of existing heart disease. Lancet. Bowman GL. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is available in many forms, but there is little scientific evidence that any one form is better absorbed or more effective than another. In the Swedish Mammography Cohort, overweight women who consumed an average of 110 mg/day of vitamin C had a 39% lower risk of breast cancer compared to overweight women who consumed an average of 31 mg/day (66). Specifically, plasma vitamin C ranged from approximately 23 to 70 mol/L in men and 33 to 82 mol/L in women; across this range, every 20 mol/L increase in plasma vitamin C was associated with a 9% reduction in risk of heart failure. (PubMed), 61. Supplemental Forms | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University In addition to taking vitamin C to prevent atherosclerosis, Pauling recommended a combination of vitamin C and the amino acids lysine and proline to help remove existing plaque while strengthening weak and damaged arteries. The recommended dietary calcium intake for adults is 1,000 to 1,200 mg/day. A vitamin C deficiency equals a collagen deficiency. Fructose and vitamin C intake do not influence risk for developing hypertension. 2010;341:c4229. Moreover, SVCT-2 was significantly expressed in 20 breast cancer tissue samples, but weakly expressed in normal tissues. 2009;56(5):764-770. Brubacher D, Moser U, Jordan P. Vitamin C concentrations in plasma as a function of intake: a meta-analysis. It is not clear whether vitamin C given parenterally could diminish or increase the efficacy of chemotherapy drugsin particular, akylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, busulfan), antitumor antibiotics (e.g., doxorubicin, bleomycin), and arsenic trioxide. Pharmacol Rep. 2010;62(4):751-756. (PubMed), 196. A 2015 meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials found that administration of vitamin C during pregnancy, alone or in combination with a few other supplements, failed to reduce the risks of stillbirth, perinatal death, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, and preeclampsia (88). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014:416-426. (PubMed), 140. A small randomized controlled trial performed in 60 ischemic stroke patients showed that intravenous vitamin C administration (500 mg/day for 10 days, initiated day 1 post-stroke) had no effect on serum markers of oxidative stress or neurological outcomes compared to placebo(143). In another AD mouse model that was lacking the ability to synthesize vitamin C, supplementation with a high versus low dose of vitamin C reduced amyloid deposition in the cortex and hippocampus and limited blood-brain barrier impairments and mitochondrial dysfunction (99). Asleh R, Levy AP. 1976;73(10):3685-3689. Basili S, Tanzilli G, Mangieri E, et al. Mirvish SS, Wallcave L, Eagen M, Shubik P. Ascorbate-nitrite reaction: possible means of blocking the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. Antioxid Redox Signal. Lp(a) is a "sticky bandage" within coronary arteries that may induce blood clots when vitamin C/lysine blood levels are low (9). J Am Soc Nephrol. Ischemic stroke occurs when an obstruction within a blood vessel blocks blood flow to the brain. Stroke. 1999;69(6):1086-1107. Ascorbic acid levels in the aqueous humor of nocturnal and diurnal mammals. Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow-up. (PubMed), 152. Abam E, Okediran BS, Odukoya OO, Adamson I, Ademuyiwa O. Vitamin C is also a cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions involved in the making of collagen, L-carnitine, and several neurotransmitters, and in the regulation of gene expression. 1996;173(6):1502-1505. The effectiveness of antioxidant vitamins C and E in reducing myocardial infarct size in patients subjected to percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PREVEC Trial): study protocol for a pilot randomized double-blind controlled trial. Aspirin can impair vitamin C status if taken frequently (201). JAMA. Eur J Nutr. Accessed 7/2/18. The lack of Vitamin C is a deficiency disease called Scurvy. The effect of intravenous vitamin C infusion on periprocedural myocardial injury for patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. A systematic review. Stability of vitamin C derivatives in solution and topical formulations. (PubMed), 131. (PubMed), 49. Liability for individual actions or omissions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. Among the five out of eight trials in asthmatic subjects that reported on FEV1 outcomes, none found a difference between vitamin C supplementation and placebo(180). Vitamin C and the Common Cold. 10th ed. Conversely, a 2008 meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies concluded that dietary, but not supplemental, vitamin C intake was inversely related to CHD risk (47). There is some evidence, though controversial, that vitamin C interacts with anticoagulant medications like warfarin (Coumadin). The trial did not examine the effect of vitamin C on other outcomes associated with gout (122). (PubMed), 148. For instance, in a study of 747 older men, blood lead concentration was significantly higher in those who reported total dietary vitamin C intakes averaging less than 109 mg/day compared to those with higher vitamin C intakes (181). 2013;1(5):e239-240. (PubMed), 20. In a small (n=23), open-label trial, combined supplementation with vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) to AD patients taking a cholinesterase inhibitor significantly increased antioxidant levels and decreased lipoprotein oxidation in CSF after one year, but had no effect on the clinical course of AD compared to controls (104). Effect of oral vitamin C supplementation on serum uric acid: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The first 250 mg leads you up to the level where the blood is saturated. A secondary analysis of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in nearly 10,000 pregnant women found no reduction in the risk of preeclampsia with supplemental vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day), regardless of womens smoking status during pregnancy. (PubMed), 166. Cabanillas F. Vitamin C and cancer: what can we conclude--1,609 patients and 33 years later? Am J Epidemiol. Although the analysis adjusted for several lifestyle and known risk factors, the authors noted that other healthy behaviors and/or folate intake may have confounded the association. (PubMed), 122. Klingelhoeffer C, Kammerer U, Koospal M, et al. Since the antioxidants were taken together in this trial, the individual contribution of vitamin C cannot be determined. 2001;98(17):9842-9846. Higher doses (>500 mg) result in fractionally less vitamin C being absorbed as the dose increases.
Itv Calendar News Presenters,
Boston Unsolved Murders,
Articles L