Chim. There are three hydrogen atoms, each of which contributes 1 valence electron; the single carbon contributes 4 electrons; and the single chlorine atom contributes 7 electrons, making a total of 14 . Chem. Identify the element, X. Potassium can be the cation in the ionic compound X2O. chemical formula: Kempa, Darstellung, Eigenschaften und Schwingungsspektra der Kfiganionen P11 _____ measures the ___ of the atom to hold onto its own electrons and attract electrons from other atoms in compounds. chemical formula: Determine the chemical formula for the ionic compound that forms between barium and phosphorus. Barium Ba In the two-electrode vacuum tube converter, caesium neutralizes the space charge near the cathode and enhances the current flow. It results in a longer distance between the bonded atoms than does a single bond. Mensing, and H.G. The chemical formula of the given, A: The given compound contains one phosphorus atom, three chloride atoms and one oxygen atom. [d.] CoS Calcium and sulfur form an ionic compound with a 1:1 ration between the cation and anion because calcium forms a 2+ charge and sulfur forms a 2- charge in an ionic compound. energy of InBr(s)? In oxygen atom the nucleus is much smaler so attraction between it and electrons is lower. a. Fluorine would lose an electron and would be found as HF. 3 (Preparation, Properties and Vibrational Spectra of the Cage Anions P11 Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion Mitteil., 1983, 32(2-3), p 195-208, in German (Crys Structure; Theory), H.G. All Three barium ions (2+ charge) and two phosphorus ions (3- charge) are needed to balance the charges between the cation and anion. You can determine which object will gain electrons and which object will lose electrons by looking at the ________________________ series table. Friestad, Gregory K.; Branchaud, Bruce P.; Navarrini, Walter and Sansotera, Maurizio (2007) "Cesium Fluoride" in, General Conference on Weights and Measures, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties", "NIST Radionuclide Half-Life Measurements", "History of the recommended atomic-weight values from 1882 to 1997: a comparison of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values", "C&EN: It's Elemental: The Periodic Table Cesium", "Density of melts of alkali metals and their Na-K-Cs and Na-K-Rb ternary systems", "A Basic Rule of Chemistry Can Be Broken, Calculations Show", "Caesium in high oxidation states and as a p-block element", "Forcing Cesium into Higher Oxidation States Using Useful hard x-ray Induced Chemistry under High Pressure", "Effects of relativistic motion of electrons on the chemistry of gold and platinum", "Single-atom electron energy loss spectroscopy of light elements", "The Crystal Structure of Cesium Monoxide", "Nucleosynthesis in Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars: Relevance for Galactic Enrichment and Solar System Formation", IEER Report: Transmutation Nuclear Alchemy Gamble, Chernobyl's Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socia-Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, Russian Federation and Ukraine, "Transmutation of Cesium-137 Using Proton Accelerator", "Distribution of the elements in some major units of the Earth's crust", 10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2, "Cesium as a Raw Material: Occurrence and Uses", "The Tanco Pegmatite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba: X. Pollucite", "Lithium, cesium, and rubidiumThe rare alkali metals", "Cesium formate fluid succeeds in North Sea HPHT field trials", "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen", "Ueber die Darstellung von Rubidium- und Csiumverbindungen und ber die Gewinnung der Metalle selbst", "Cesium Supplier & Technical Information", "The material flow of radioactive cesium-137 in the U.S. 2000", "IsoRay's Cesium-131 Medical Isotope Used In Milestone Procedure Treating Eye Cancers At Tufts-New England Medical Center", "Level and density measurement using non-contact nuclear gauges", "Isotope Tracers Project Resources on Isotopes Cesium", "A Synopsis of Ion Propulsion Development Projects in the United States: SERT I to Deep Space I", "Infrared illumination compositions and articles containing the same", "Accumulation of potassium, rubidium and caesium (, "IAEA director warns of 'dirty bomb' risk", View the reaction of Caesium (most reactive metal in the periodic table) with Fluorine (most reactive non-metal), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caesium&oldid=1149237391, Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 April 2023, at 00:25. Engl., 1981, 20(1), p 33-51 (Crys Structure; Review), M. Baudler, Ketten- und ringfrmige Phosphorverbindungen - Analogien zwischen Phosphor- und Kohlenstoffchemie (Chain and Ring Phosphorus Compounds - Analogies Between Phosphorus and Carbon Chemistry), Angew. [117][118][119] Plants vary widely in the absorption of caesium, sometimes displaying great resistance to it. A: The given compound contains two elements, Fe and O. Because of their effect on heart rhythms, however, they are less likely to be used than potassium or rubidium salts. Cesium forms an ion with a charge of 1+ and nitrogen forms a charge of 3-. k. sodium and potassium Kosyakov, O.G. A: We have to identify the isoelectronic pairs. A: Atomic number is equivalent to number of electrons or number of protons in neutral element, that is. Stars create new elements in their cores by squeezing, A: All the chemical species in the nature exist in several form of compounds i.e molecular, A: Molecular formula of calcium sulphide is CaS.Molecular mass of CaS = molar mass of Ca + molar mass, A: Hey, since there are multiple subparts posted, we will answer first eight subparts. Cesium is a metal that brings ONE valence electron in its outer shell. Google Scholar, W. Schmettow, A. Lipka, and H.G. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the significance of a chemical formula?, How do molecular chemical formulas differ from ionic chemical formulas?, Write formulas for the compounds formed between the following: a. Aluminium and Bromine b. The chemical name for cesium bromate is cesium bromate. a good idea. metal atom loses electron(s) and each. When cesium reacts with chlorine to form an ionic compound, each metal atom loses ____ electron (s . The barium sulfate is not Soluble in water . The name for MgCl2 is magnesium chloride. [107] Caesium and rubidium have been added as a carbonate to glass because they reduce electrical conductivity and improve stability and durability of fibre optics and night vision devices. Start your trial now! [c.] (NH4)3PO4 [124] The International Atomic Energy Agency and other sources have warned that radioactive materials, such as caesium-137, could be used in radiological dispersion devices, or "dirty bombs".[125]. In the case of oxygen there are more electrons in the atom so they have to move in a higher radii orbite and can easier separate. Correspondence to A titanium bicycle component has a volume of 32cm3. A compound that consists of positive and negative ions, derived from one or more electrons from metals being transferred to non metals. That the hydrogen atoms need not be shown. If there are two "X" ions, they would each need to have a charge of 3-, which phosphorus has when it forms an ion. The CO bond length in carbon monoxide, CO, is 1.13, whereas the CO bond length in CO2 is 1.24. affinity = -348 kJ/mol NaF(s) Hf = -597 kJ/mol kJ/mol. Caesium compounds may provide a faster response (CsF) and be less hygroscopic (CsI). 14 in Homoatomic Rings, Chains and Macromolecules of Main Group Elements, A.L. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. it is a compound , it is made up of nitrogen and hydrogen with an ionic compound? Int. Science Chemistry When cesium reacts with chlorine to form an ionic compound, each metal atom loses ____ electron (s) and each nonmetal atom gains ___ electron (s). Which of the following pairs of elements are likely to form The Van der Waals radius and the covalent radius are deal with two different, A: Periodic table is the arrangement of atoms in groups and periods according to their increasing, A: As per our guidelines, we can only solve first three sub-parts . Enter the smallest integers possible. Having three magnesium ions and two phosphorus ions creates a charge balance between the two ions in the compound. A: The atom is the smallest unit of matter that may be not divided into smallest particle without, A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first three parts of the first question. Nauk, 1982, (1), p 93-97, in Russian (Equi Diagram, Crys Structure; Experimental), W. Hnle, V. Manriquez, T. Meyer, and H.G. It takes more energy to remove the second electron compared with the first because the nucleus binds the electrons more tightly as each electron is removed. by Al. [f.] CuCN. Organic Compounds Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Alcohols Amines Carboxylic Acids . In an ionic compound, the cation is always written first so X must be positively charged. For binary ionic compounds, the subscripts in the empirical . Ed. A solid element, a liquid compound, and a heterogeneous mixture. thermodynamic data (all data is in kJ/mol). von Schnering, Homoatomic Bonding of Main Group Elements, Angew. electron(s). 2 and P5 Potapova, V.P. (c) A molecule composed of 2 hydrogen atoms. You have created 2 folders. If electronegativity values aren't given, you should assume that a covalent bond is polar unless it is between two atoms of the same element.). This solution can be evaporated to produce caesium chloride or transformed into caesium alum or caesium carbonate. Lithium forms an ion with a 1+ charge because it donates one electron to the element forming the anion in the compound. See section 8.06. Literature search through 2008. Very few applications existed for caesium until the 1920s, when it came into use in radio vacuum tubes, where it had two functions; as a getter, it removed excess oxygen after manufacture, and as a coating on the heated cathode, it increased the electrical conductivity. Rank the following molecules or ions in order of decreasing bond energy: fluorine: F2, sulfur monoxide: SO, nitrogen: N2. 7)0.67(P11)0.33 (X-ray Studies on Plastic-Crystalline Rb3P7, Cs3P11 and Cs3(P7)0.67(P11)0.33), Z. A: a) Which of the following correctly lists nonmetals that exist under ordinary conditions as diatomic molecules? Electrons cannot be removed from calcium because it is a metal and only wants to gain electrons to become more stable. The length of a HC bond is approximately 1.1. Does the nucleus of an atom change when the atom is converted into an ion? The name of the cation is always given first and the name is unchanged from the name of the element. In 1913, he demonstrated that major properties of an element are determined by the atomic number, not by the atomic weight. How can the periodic table be used to predict what ion an elements atoms will form? [68] The primary smaller-scale commercial compounds of caesium are caesium chloride and nitrate. [71] They tried to generate elemental caesium by electrolysis of molten caesium chloride, but instead of a metal, they obtained a blue homogeneous substance which "neither under the naked eye nor under the microscope showed the slightest trace of metallic substance"; as a result, they assigned it as a subchloride (Cs2Cl). [115] The principal use of nonradioactive caesium is as caesium formate in petroleum drilling fluids because it is much less toxic than alternatives, though it is more costly. In the ionic compound XY3, if X has a charge of 3+ then Y has a charge of 1-. [12], The high density of the caesium ion makes solutions of caesium chloride, caesium sulfate, and caesium trifluoroacetate (Cs(O2CCF3)) useful in molecular biology for density gradient ultracentrifugation. When naming ionic compounds, the name of the cation is left unchanged and the ending of a monatomic anion is changed to "ide" which means magnesium chlorine is incorrect. The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. [98] It has also been used in well logging devices for measuring the electron density of the rock formations, which is analogous to the bulk density of the formations. J. Iron reacts with sulfur to form iron (III) sulfide, an ionic compound. Given element Potassium. ionic compound. If you are told that one of them is Cr2O3 and the other is OsO4, which one do you expect to be the yellow solid? When aluminum reacts with phosphorus to form an ionic compound, Magnesium and bromine form the ionic compound, MgBr2, which has a ratio of 1:2 between the cation and anion. Inorg. Since 1967, the International System of Measurements has based the primary unit of time, the second, on the properties of caesium. Completion fluids assist the emplacement of control hardware after drilling but prior to production by maintaining the pressure. [12], The high density of the caesium formate brine (up to 2.3g/cm3, or 19.2pounds per gallon),[77] coupled with the relatively benign nature of most caesium compounds, reduces the requirement for toxic high-density suspended solids in the drilling fluida significant technological, engineering and environmental advantage. Benzene, an aromatic organic compound, is often represented as a hexagon with a circle in it to emphasize which of the following? [103], Caesium nitrate is used as an oxidizer and pyrotechnic colorant to burn silicon in infrared flares,[104] such as the LUU-19 flare,[105] because it emits much of its light in the near infrared spectrum. The ionization energy ofMMisIE=483IE=483kJ/mol. If you comb your hair vigorously with a vinyl comb, how is the amount of charge on your hair and the comb affected? Cesium phosphate | Cs3PO4 or Cs3O4P | CID 9827043 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological . j. potassium and sulfur What is a nonmetal with six valence electrons? (b) A molecule composed of a hydrogen atom and a bromine atom. An ionic compound has the general form, XCly. Polyanskaya, Synthesis and X-ray Diffraction Study of Cesium Heptaphosphide, Izv. 1. Hydrogen is a Group I element and each hydrogen will contribute I valence electron. Which one of the following pairs will form an ionic compound with a 1:1 ratio between the cation and anion? [69], The price of 99.8% pure caesium (metal basis) in 2009 was about $10 per gram ($280/oz), but the compounds are significantly cheaper. Based on this distance and differences in electronegativity, do you expect the dipole moment of an individual HC bond to be larger or smaller than that of the HI bond? Predict the type of charge on your. Rubidium fluoride is the name for the ionic compound with RbF. [110], Nonradioactive caesium compounds are only mildly toxic, and nonradioactive caesium is not a significant environmental hazard. Which of the following is an ionic compound A) MgCl_2 B) Cl_2 C) SCl_2 ; For which of the following pairs are the atoms most likely to form an ionic bond with each other? Alkaline earth metals are NOT found in their free state in nature. When cesium reactswith chlorine toform an ionic compound, each metal atom loses ____ electron(s) and each nonmetal atom gains ___ electron(s). Chem., 1974, 86(10), p 379-380, in German; TR: Angew. Beryllium has a 2+ charge and bromine has a 1- charge, so two bromine ions are needed to balance the charge of one beryllium ion. [91] Doping with caesium compounds enhances the effectiveness of several metal-ion catalysts for chemical synthesis, such as acrylic acid, anthraquinone, ethylene oxide, methanol, phthalic anhydride, styrene, methyl methacrylate monomers, and various olefins. Thus, measuring the light pulse with a photomultiplier tube can allow the accumulated radiation dose to be quantified. A: What is the chemical formula for each substance mentioned? First week only $4.99! (Metals have low electronegativity compared to nonmetals. A: The number of lead atoms can be calculated as follows: A: Static Electricity is a static or stationary charge produced by friction. In(s) Hsublimation = 223 kJ/mol In(g) Ionization Play this game to review Chemical Reactions. The shielding of electrons gives rise to an effective nuclear charge, Zeff, which explains why boron is larger than oxygen. Which option for X and y correctly completes the formula? ADS Sci., 1912, 154, p 209-211, in French (Equi Diagram; Experimental), J.R. Van Wazer, Alkali Metal Phosphides, Phosphorus and Its Compounds, Vol 1 (Chemistry), Interscience, New York, 1958, p 133-144 (Equi Diagram, Crys Structure; Review), H.G. Acta, 1985, 85, p 151-154 (Thermo; Experimental), V.I. [76] The 13th General Conference on Weights and Measures of 1967 defined a second as: "the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles of microwave light absorbed or emitted by the hyperfine transition of caesium-133 atoms in their ground state undisturbed by external fields". 2 c. 3 d. 4. Khim. Both chlorine and oxygen are nonmetals and will form anions (ions with a negative charge) because they are gaining electrons in an ionic compound. Cations have a ______ radius than their neutral atoms and anions have a ______ radius. the formula NH3, how is the phosphorus cycle different from other biochemicals While they are less prevalent than either caesium-133 or caesium-137, these bellwether isotopes are produced solely from anthropogenic sources. metal atom loses electron(s) and each nonmetal atom gains How are ions formed from atoms? c. potassium and oxygen Quickly and professionally. Though not commercially feasible, the ore can be directly reduced with potassium, sodium, or calcium in vacuum to produce caesium metal directly. However, only calcium will form a cation with a 2+ charge. An atom of an element is most stable when its outer electron shell is completely filled or half-filled. [12][94] Radioactive isotopes of caesium in radiation devices were used in the medical field to treat certain types of cancer,[95] but emergence of better alternatives and the use of water-soluble caesium chloride in the sources, which could create wide-ranging contamination, gradually put some of these caesium sources out of use. 3) 1 phosphorous. Metals form cations and nonmetals form anions in ionic compounds. Leaching with water or dilute ammonia (NH4OH) yields a dilute chloride (CsCl) solution. It is also well-documented that mushrooms from contaminated forests accumulate radiocaesium (caesium-137) in the fungal sporocarps. [116] Radiocaesium follows potassium and tends to accumulate in plant tissues, including fruits and vegetables. The electronegativity increases with increasing atomic number. Engl., 1967, 6(4), p 356 (Equi Diagram, Crys Structure; Experimental), H.G. Why? Menu. [e.] HgI2 If not, explain why not. What is the name for the compound with the formula MgCl2? Cs cesium Cs + cesium ion Be beryllium Be 2+ beryllium ion Mg . Chem. With respect to atomic radii, do these trends work together or against each other? Crys Structure; Experimental), R.P. To balance the 2- charge of the oxygen, two of the unknown cation should have a 2+ charge. In terms of subatomic particles, how is an ion related to the atom from which it is formed? Add to folder The aluminium sulfate component is converted to insoluble aluminium oxide by roasting the alum with carbon, and the resulting product is leached with water to yield a Cs2SO4 solution. Sulfur could be X. Selenium -Se It is a soft, silvery-golden alkali metal with a melting point of 28.5 C (83.3 F), which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature . chemical formula: David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. Butler, Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste, Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl Wistrom, Klaus Theopold, Richard H Langley, Paul Flowers, William R. Robinson, Mark Blaser. Santandrea, C. Mensing, and H.G. The formula for the compound made from beryllium and bromine is BeBr2. This activity includes every compound formula and name that can be formed from the list 44 Ions provided in Chemistry A at Pickerington High School Central. e. cesium and magnesium In the same sense that we describe the OO bonds in O3 as "one-and-a-half" bonds, how would you describe the NO bonds in NO3? This can occur with other alkali metals, but caesium is so potent that this explosive reaction can be triggered even by cold water. cesium and phosphorus ionic compound. Sharma, P. Paliwal and M. Kumar, Electronic Dielectric Constant, Energy Gap and Fractional Ionic Character of Polyatomic Binary Compounds, J. Phys. Int. Of the given elements, only sulfur will form an anion with 2- charge. [73] The electrolysis of the aqueous solution of chloride with a mercury cathode produced a caesium amalgam which readily decomposed under the aqueous conditions. Expert Answer. Cs3P. Diatomic molecules of the element chlorine, Cl2. Which of the following shows a correct relationship between first ionization energies of the given atoms? You can use this chart to predict whether or not an atom can bond with another atom. Do you expect this value to be larger or smaller than the lattice Living By Chemistry: First Edition Textbook. [99], Caesium-137 has been used in hydrologic studies analogous to those with tritium. [12] Xenon was used in the experimental spacecraft Deep Space 1 launched in 1998. Beryllium will replace X with a subscript of 2 for chloride to correctly complete the formula XCly as BeCl2. Because of the bright blue lines in the emission spectrum, they derived the name from the Latin word caesius, meaning sky-blue. [78] Alkali formates are safe to handle and do not damage the producing formation or downhole metals as corrosive alternative, high-density brines (such as zinc bromide ZnBr2 solutions) sometimes do; they also require less cleanup and reduce disposal costs. Rheingold, Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1977 (Equi Diagram, Crys Structure; Review), A.F. given has been perturbed, so looking up the answer is probably not A: Given samples of matter, Phosphorus is a nonmetal that forms an anion with a 3- charge. chemical formula: Ba, P2 Determine the chemical . What is the formula for the compound made from beryllium and bromine? It is easier to remove a 2p electron from an oxygen atom because oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen. Home Flashcards Nomenclature Simple Ionic Compounds Dynamic Study Module. Otd. cycle. Including oxygen. Now a, A: Latticeenergy:-Theenergyreleasedwhenonemoleofcrystallinesolidisformedbythe, A: The electrons in the innermost shell are called the core electrons while the electrons in the. Select the answer below that indicates the number of each ion in the formula you wrote. Ref. The cesium atom has a radius of 265 pm and a Van der Waals radius . If so, provide an example and microscopic drawing. cesium (Cs), also spelled caesium, chemical element of Group 1 (also called Group Ia) of the periodic table, the alkali metal group, and the first element to be discovered spectroscopically (1860), by German scientists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, who named it for the unique blue lines of its spectrum (Latin caesius, "sky-blue"). The subscripts tell the number of each ion needed to balance the charges between the cations and anions. (c) Which pair best represents the relative ionic sizes? Fluorine will form a 1- charge in an ionic compound as it gains an electron to become an anion. Iodine I An ionic bond results when the sharing is so unequal that fully charged ions form. Doronina, T.M. David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. Butler, Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl Wistrom, Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste. The mole concept can b. It is formed when two chlorine atoms form covalent bonds. (a) Compounds containing chlorine can be either molecular or ionic. Cs3N is the ionic compound formed from cesium and nitrogen. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Write the name of the product. Cesium tends to be the most reactive of the stable alkali metals (francium, Fr, is radioactive and has not been extensively studied). A: Allatomsaremadeupoftinyparticlesie,protons,neutronsandelectronsAnelementisapure, A: The nature of the bond present between two elements depends on the difference in the, A: An atom consist of electron , proton and neutron. This means that each cation should have a 1+ charge. What is the relationship between the value for the first ionization energy of a Cl(g) ion and the electron affinity of Cl(g)? Zinc phosphate is used as a dental cement. The fuel was ionized by contact with a charged tungsten electrode. von Schnering and H. Schmidt, KP15, ein neues Kaliumpolyphosphid (KP15, a New Potassium Polyphosphide), Angew. Which one of the ions will form an ion with a 1- charge in an ionic compound? atom(s) in the reaction. Prefixes are not needed because they are only used in molecular compound names. Work with our consultant to learn what to alter, Nomenclature Simple Ionic Compounds Dynamic Study Module. Which of the following pairs of elements are likely to form 3 and As11 [90], Relatively few chemical applications use caesium. Ba is the chemical symbol for barium and N is the symbol for nitrogen. To form an ionic compound, the cation charge must balance the anion charge. Lithium Phosphate. Caesium fluoride enjoys a niche use in organic chemistry as a base[24] and as an anhydrous source of fluoride ion. Aluminum chloride has the formula AlCl3, boron forms the compound BCl3, and cesium chloride has the formula CsCl. What is the correct formula for the compound made from sodium and oxygen? The atomic number of Chlorine is 17 and the electron configuration is 2,8,7. Which of the following is an allotrope of O2? Arrange the elements in decreasing order of first ionization energy. Allg. 3 -Gruppen (Na3P11, a Phosphide with Isolated P11 f. nitrogen and fluorine To find: Ionic compound that has smallest, A: Ananionis a species which is negatively charged whereas acation is a species which is positively, A: When atoms starts approaching each other there feels an attractive force between two approaching, Mole concept is a method to determine the amount of any substance that consists of some elemental particles using a grouping unit called mole. Use your understanding of electrostatic force and how the number of protons and electrons differ in atoms to explain the observed change in atomic size. Box 49562, 5122 Cotes des Neiges, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 2A5. Each Ca atom transfers two electrons to each of two fluorine atoms. Which of the following correctly describes a triple covalent bond? Which one of the following is an ionic compound? Which of the following compounds has the highest boiling point? cesium and phosphorus ionic compound There must be___ cesium-atom(s) for every___ chlorine atom(s) in the reaction. Which halogen is a liquid at room temperature? Magnesium is a metal and forms a 2+ charge. [83] The range of photoemissive devices using caesium include optical character recognition devices, photomultiplier tubes, and video camera tubes. von Schnering, Catenation of Phosphorus Atoms, Chap. Ionic, Polar Covalent, or Nonpolar Covalent?
