Distinctive monuments like the Sheikh Lotfallah (1618), Hasht Behesht (Eight Paradise Palace) (1469) and the Chahar Bagh School (1714) appeared in Isfahan and other cities. In private they usually wore a veil that only covered the hair and the back, but upon leaving the home, they put on manteaus, large cloaks that concealed their whole bodies except their faces. Despite the predominantly Sunni character of this territory, he proclaimed Shiism the state religion and enforced its creed and prayers in the mosques of his dominion. The mansabdar's military responsibilities required him to maintain a specified number of sawar or cavalrymen. The vizier thought that the royal forces failed to prosecute the siege sufficiently and accused the forces of sedition. 378. When Abbas had a lively conversation in Turkish with the Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle, in front of his courtiers, he had to translate the conversation afterwards into Persian for the benefit of most of those present. The 150-year tug-of-war accentuated the Sunni and Shi'a rift in Iraq. [183] It remains only a small minority in the Shii world. According to the French jeweller Jean Chardin, the variety in agricultural products in Iran was unrivaled in Europe and consisted of fruits and vegetables never even heard of in Europe. SAFAVID ISFAHAN, FR. Daggers were worn at the waist. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title "Padishah-i-Iran", "Iranian identity iii. [157] There even are numerous recorded accounts of laymen that rose to high official posts, as a result of their merits. [179] There were large Shii communities in some cities like Qom and Sabzevar as early as the 8th century. The Turkish spoken in Safavid Iran was mostly what nowadays is referred to as Azeri or Azerbaijani Turkish. [122][123][124][125] After fully securing the region, he executed the rebellious Luarsab II of Kartli and later had the Georgian queen Ketevan, who had been sent to the shah as negotiator, tortured to death when she refused to renounce Christianity, in an act of revenge for the recalcitrance of Teimuraz. [147] In the late seventeenth century, Iranian merchants established a permanent presence as far north as Narva on the Baltic sea, in what now is Estonia. The Safavids were descended from Sheikh af al-Dn (12531334) of Ardabl, head of the Sufi order of afaviyyeh (afawiyyah). The Chief architect of this colossal task of urban planning was Shaykh Bahai (Baha' ad-Din al-`Amili), who focused the programme on two key features of Shah Abbas's master plan: the Chahar Bagh avenue, flanked at either side by all the prominent institutions of the city, such as the residences of all foreign dignitaries. As a result of the Mongol conquest and the relative religious tolerance of the Ilkhanids, Shii dynasties were re-established in Iran, Sarbedaran in Khorasan being the most important. As Tahmasp understood and realized that any long-term solutions would mainly involve minimizing the political and military presence of the Qizilbash as a whole, it would require them to be replaced by a whole new layer in society, that would question and battle the authority of the Qizilbash on every possible level, and minimize any of their influences. For example, soldiers or higher ranked military personnel a social class developed, which is called the warrior aristocracy. [117][118], Abbas also greatly increased the number of cannons at his disposal, permitting him to field 500 in a single battle. PORTRAIT OF A SUFI SAINT MUGHAL INDIA, FIRST HALF 17TH CENTURY Painting 3 1. Indeed, one of the greatest legacies of the Safavids is the architecture. Moreover, Shah Abbas's conversion to a ghulam-based military, though expedient in the short term, had, over the course of a century, weakened the country's strength by requiring heavy taxation and control over the provinces. While the initial attacks were repelled, the Ottomans continued and grabbed considerable territory in Transcaucasia, Dagestan, Kurdistan and Lorestan and in 993/1585 they even took Tabriz.[103]. Abbas's tolerance towards Christians was part of his policy of establishing diplomatic links with European powers to try to enlist their help in the fight against their common enemy, the Ottoman Empire. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. Tags: Question 39 . Iran weakened appreciably during the reign of Ismls eldest son, Shah ahmsp I (152476), and persistent and unopposed Turkmen forays into the country increased under his incompetent successors. These three empires all had military strength, Sovereign Pride, Religious commitment, and Aesthetic sophistication in common to varying degrees. And the Naqsh-e Jahan Square ("Examplar of the World"). Open Document. Over the following centuries the brotherhood became stronger, by attracting local warlords and by political marriages. A third route was therefore devised which circumvented Ottoman territory. Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period". Except for Shah Abbas II, the Safavid rulers after Abbas I were largely ineffectual. The Safavid Empire was based in what is today Iran. Abbas also moved the capital to Isfahan, deeper into central Iran. It lasted from 1501 to 1722 and was strong enough to challenge the Ottomans in the west and the Mughals in the east. Gunpowder Empires Activity .pdf - Focus Questions: The To counter the rising Safavid power, in 1502, Sultan Bayezid II forcefully deported many Shiite Muslims from Anatolia to other parts of the Ottoman realm. Crown prince Hamza Mirza, now 21 years old and director of Safavid affairs, led a force to confront the Ottomans, but in 1586 was murdered under mysterious circumstances. "They were granted control over land and . [133] Abbas's attitude, however, was in marked contrast to that of his grandfather, Tahmasp I, who had expelled the English traveller Anthony Jenkinson from his court on hearing he was a Christian. The Safavid Empire (1501-1722) . Abbas was unable to comply. Furthermore, the dynasty was from the very start thoroughly intermarried with both Pontic Greek as well as Georgian lines. The succession was evidently undisputed. "IRAN ix. [25][26][27][28] It is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history,[29] as well as one of the gunpowder empires. [134] For his part, Abbas declared that he "preferred the dust from the shoe soles of the lowest Christian to the highest Ottoman personage. [241], By the sixteenth century, Islamic science, which to a large extent meant Persian science, was resting on its laurels. Essay Sample. "The Safavid Period". His primary job was to appoint and supervise all the officials of the household and to be their contact with the Shah. SURVEY . The elegantly baroque yet famously 'Polonaise' carpets were made in Iran during the 17th century. In the 16th century, carpet weaving evolved from a nomadic and peasant craft to a well-executed industry with specialization of design and manufacturing. His oldest son, the crown prince Mohammad Baqer Mirza, was executed following a court intrigue in which several Circassians were involved, while two others were blinded. The Takkalu replaced the Rumlu as the dominant tribe. [31], b Official language,[9] coinage,[10][11] civil administration,[12] court (since Isfahan became capital),[13] literary,[10][12][14] theological discourse,[10] diplomatic correspondence, historiography,[15] court-based religious posts. The epic Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), a stellar example of manuscript illumination and calligraphy, was made during Shah Tahmasp's reign. But even here there may have been practical political considerations; namely, "concern about the excessively powerful position of Shii dignitaries, which would have been undermined by a reintroduction of the Sunna. Every office had a deputy or superintendent, whose job was to keep records of all actions of the state officials and report directly to the Shah. They would thus retain the official ownership and secure their land from being confiscated by royal commissioners or local governors, as long as a percentage of the revenues from the land went to the ulama. He had all his relatives killed except for his older brother, Mohammad Khudabanda, who, being nearly blind, was not a real candidate for the throne, and Mohammad's three sons, Hamza Mirza, Abbas Mirza and Abu Talib Mirza. The Safavid Empire of Early Modern Persia Due to the great spiritual charisma of Safi al-Din, the order was later known as the Safaviyya. [175] Thus, starting from the reign of Tahmsp I but only fully implemented and completed by Shah Abbas, this new group solely composed of ethnic Caucasians eventually came to constitute a powerful "third force" within the state as a new layer in society, alongside the Persians and the Qizilbash Turks, and it only goes to prove the meritocratic society of the Safavids. The Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal - ThoughtCo It was a Turkish dialect, the dialect of the Qizilbash Turkomans, which is still spoken today in the province of Azerbaijan, in north-western Iran. A strength of the Persian Empire was that the people were happy. Ismil followed the line of Iranian and Turkmen rulers prior to his assumption of the title "Padishah-i-Iran", previously held by Uzun Hasan and many other Iranian kings. Next in line were the Master of the Royal Stables (Mirakor bashi) and the Master of the Hunt (Mirshekar bashi). The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, they controlled all of what is now Iran, Republic of Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. 1867. The main imports were spice, textiles (woolens from Europe, cottons from Gujarat), metals, coffee, and sugar. By the time of the orders fourth leader, Sheikh Junayd, it had become explicitly Shii. Saffron was the best in the world Melons were regarded as excellent fruit, and there were more than 50 different sorts, the finest of which came from Khorasan. The standing army created by Abbas consisted of: (1) 10,00015,000 cavalry ghulm regiments solely composed of ethnic Caucasians, armed with muskets in addition to the usual weapons (then the largest cavalry in the world[115]); (2) a corps of musketeers, tufangchiyn, mainly Iranians, originally foot soldiers but eventually mounted, and (3) a corps of artillerymen, tpchiyn. As non-Turcoman converts to Islam, these Circassian and Georgian olmns (also written as ghulams) were completely unrestrained by clan loyalties and kinship obligations, which was an attractive feature for a ruler like Tahmsp whose childhood and upbringing had been deeply affected by Qizilbash tribal politics. Not only did the invasions bring about the end of the Abbasid empire and leave the centre of eastern Islamdom fractured, but the arrival of new Turkic peoples and dynasties throughout much of Islamdom shifted the axes of power into the hands of Turkic clans. While the imams and judges of law applied civil law in their practice, urf was primarily exercised by the local commissioners, who inspected the villages on behalf of the Shah, and by the Minister of Justice (Divanbegi). RELATIONS IN THE SAFAVID PERIOD. Persianization went hand in hand with the popularization of 'mainstream' Shii belief. They are present on the level ground, and a small drum is always playing during the contest for excitement. A leisurely form of amusement was to be found in the cabarets, particularly in certain districts, like those near the mausoleum of Harun-e Velayat. Second place was held by fencing, where the wrist had to be firm but flexible and movements agile. This layer would become the "third force" in Iranian society, alongside the other two forces, the Turkomans and Persians. Shah Abbas, who significantly enlargened and completed this program and under whom the creation of this new layer in society may be mentioned as fully "finalized", completed the ghulam system as well. Haydar married Martha 'Alamshah Begom,[38] Uzun Hassan's daughter, who gave birth to Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty. [223] The Persians were also active in the Aceh Sultanate, the Brunei Sultanate, the Demak Sultanate, and Dai Viet. The treaty was the first formal diplomatic recognition of the Safavid Empire by the Ottomans. Siege of Isfahan. They ruled one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Iran . To uphold the standard, another source of revenue was needed, and road toll, that were collected by guards (rah-dars), were stationed along the trading routes. After the conquest a division of powers was agreed between the new Afghan Shahs and the Shi'a ulama. Almost simultaneously with the emergence of the Safavid Empire, the Mughal Empire, founded by the Timurid heir Babur, was developing in South-Asia. For most of the last decade of Ismail's reign, the domestic affairs of the empire were overseen by the Tajik vizier Mirza Shah Hossein until his assassination in 1523. When he reached the capital with Abbas a public demonstration in the boy's favor decided the issue, and Shah Mohammad voluntarily handed over the insignia of kingship to his son, who was crowned Abbas I on October 1, 1588. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. According to traveller Jean Chardin, for example, farmers in Iran had higher living standards than farmers in the most fertile European countries. Anthony Bryer. [98] Mirza Salman left the capital before Pari Khn Khnum closed the gates and was able to meet Mohammad Khodabanda and his wife in Shiraz, to whom he offered his services. The artistic achievements and the prosperity of the Safavid period are best represented by Isfahan, the capital of Shah Abbas. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs. He expanded commercial links with the English East India Company and the Dutch East India Company. The carpets of Ardabil were commissioned to commemorate the Safavid dynasty. One of Shah Ismail's most important decisions was to declare that the state religion would be the form of Islam called Shi'ism, that at the time was completely foreign to Iranian culture. The Safavid dynasty lasted until 1135/1722 when Isfahan was occupied by Afghan riots. Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Mughal Empire - 818 Words | Cram A Study of the Migration of Shii Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era. A separate official, the Commander-in-Chief, was appointed to be the head of these officials. Though that language might generally be identified as Middle Azerbaijanian, it is not yet possible to define exactly the limits of this language, both in linguistic and territorial respects. This was not entirely for love of beauty. 34, 597634. These cities were later inherited by his Abdali Afghan military commander, Ahmad Shah Durrani, who would go on to found the Durrani Empire in 1747. (This book was written by Ferdousi in 1000 AD for Sultan Mahmood Ghaznawi) Another manuscript is the Khamsa by Nizami executed 15391543 by Aqa Mirak and his school in Isfahan. The Very Best of John Lennon. After a long and bloody siege led by the Safavid grand vizier Hatem Beg, which lasted from November 1609 to the summer of 1610, the Kurdish stronghold of Dimdim was captured. The arguably most renowned historian from this time was Iskandar Beg Munshi. The art of the Safavids is simply magnificent. "Greeks and Trkmens: The Pontic Exception", Peter Charanis. When the Safavids came to power, Shah Ismail was proclaimed ruler at the age of 14 or 15, and by 1510 Ismail had conquered the whole of Iran. During these operations an agent of the Samlu (now supporting Sam Mizra's pretensions) attempted to poison the shah. The fourth vakil was murdered by the Qizilbash, and the fifth was put to death by them. The Safavid Empire, which was founded as a political dynasty in 1501, was the second Great Islamic Empire to form.It originated as a religious sect, and it acquired the military and political traits of an empire only after 1501. From this time the state began to take on a more Persian character. One of Tahmsp's sisters married a Circassian, who would use his court office to team up with Tahmsp's daughter, Pari Khn Khnum to assert themselves in succession matters after Tahmsp's death. The Ottomans soon reacted with a large-scale incursion into Eastern Anatolia by Safavid ghazis under Nr-Al alfa. Compare The Safavid Empire To The Ottoman Empire. The school reached its apogee with that of the Iranian philosopher Mulla Sadra who is arguably the most significant Islamic philosopher after Avicenna. [70] Decentralized control over Uzbek forces was largely responsible for the inability of the Uzbeks to make territorial inroads into Khorasan. "[citation needed] At that time, the most powerful dynasty in Iran was that of the Kara Koyunlu, the "Black Sheep", whose ruler Jahan Shah ordered Junyd to leave Ardabil or else he would bring destruction and ruin upon the city. Thirdly there was horsemanship. The Safavid Period, 1501-1732", "18 Iran, Armenia and Georgia Rise of a Shii State in Iran and New Orientation in Islamic Thought and Culture", "The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors", "Georgians in the Safavid administration", Artistic and cultural history of the Safavids from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. [6] It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin, [7] but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman, [8] Georgian, [9] Circassian, [10] [11] and Pontic Greek [12] dignitaries, nevertheless they . Richard Wilson, When Golden Time Convents: Twelfth Night and Shakespeare's Eastern Promise, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMunsh1978 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSstn (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJavakhishvili1970 (. A Study Of How Ottoman Empire Expanded And The Military - GradesFixer [10][11], The Safavid family was a literate family from its early origin. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [32] Sam Mirza, the son of Shah Ismail as well as some later authors assert that Ismail composed poems both in Turkish and Persian but only a few specimens of his Persian verse have survived. Eventually Abbas became frustrated with Spain, as he did with the Holy Roman Empire, which wanted him to make his over 400,000 Armenian subjects swear allegiance to the Pope but did not trouble to inform the shah when the Emperor Rudolf signed a peace treaty with the Ottomans. He enjoyed tremendous power and control over national affairs as he was the immediate deputy of the Shah. [126][127] Kakheti lost two-thirds of its population in these years by Abbas' punitive campaign. [194] As Prof. David Blow states, foremost among the courtiers were the old nobility of Turkoman Qizilbash lords and their sons. William L. Cleveland and Martin P. Bunton. Roemer, The Safavid Period, in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. The maximum extent of the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I ( CC BY-SA 4.0) The Safavids were a dynastic family that ruled over modern-day Iran. Chardin specifically noticed the rank of doctors and astrologers and the respect that the Shahs had for them. [220][221] With the later end of the Portuguese Empire, the British, Dutch and French in particular gained easier access to Persian seaborne trade, although they, unlike the Portuguese, did not arrive as colonisers, but as merchant adventurers. Thus came the term "Turk and Tajik" to describe the Persianate, or Turko-Persian, nature of many dynasties which ruled over Greater Iran between the 12th and 20th centuries, in that these dynasties promoted and helped continue the dominant Persian linguistic and cultural identity of their states, although the dynasties themselves were of non-Persian (e.g. Safavid Empire - New World Encyclopedia [33] A collection of his poems in Azeri were published as a Divan. Except for Shah Abbas II, the Safavid rulers after Abbas I were largely ineffectual. During his reign he had realized while both looking to his own empire and that of the neighboring Ottomans, that there were dangerous rivalling factions and internal family rivalries that were a threat to the heads of state. [141], Due to his obsessive fear of assassination, Shah Abbas either put to death or blinded any member of his family who aroused his suspicion. Everything is either over-simplified or reduced to a wearisome incomprehensibility. [190], As for the royal household, the highest post was that of the Nazir, Court Minister. [111][112] At the same time, he took steps to ensure that the Qizilbash did not mistake this apparent show of weakness as a signal for more tribal rivalry at the court. Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998), This page was last edited on 15 April 2023, at 21:18. In 1613, Abbas had appointed these trusted Georgian gholams of his on the puppet thrones of Kartli and Kakheti, the Iranian Safavid ruled areas of Georgia. According to Encyclopdia Iranica, for Tahmsp, the problem circled around the military tribal elite of the empire, the Qezelb, who believed that physical proximity to and control of a member of the immediate Safavid family guaranteed spiritual advantages, political fortune, and material advancement. The first result of this was that the military forces became less effective. Safavid Period. In the gravest crisis of Tahmsp's reign, Ottoman forces in 155354 captured Yerevan, Karabakh and Nakhjuwan, destroyed palaces, villas and gardens, and threatened Ardabil. [182] However, shortly thereafter Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (died 1792), along with other Usuli mujtahids, crushed the Akhbari movement. Ismil exploited the first element to seize power in Iran. [219] He convinced the British to assist him by allowing them to open factories in Shiraz, Isfahan and Jask. He then besieged the capital of Isfahan, until Shah Soltan Hoseyn abdicated and acknowledged him as the new king of Iran. Stanford Jay Shaw. The afav order at Ardabl, however, was distant enough from any political centre to remain neutral, allowing the Persian mystics to build a strong following of their own. Religious poetry from Safi al-Din, written in the Old Azari language[42]a now-extinct Northwestern Iranian languageand accompanied by a paraphrase in Persian that helps its understanding, has survived to this day and has linguistic importance.[42]. Although in those campaigns (and in 1554) the Ottomans captured Tabriz, they lacked a communications line sufficient to occupy it for long. In 1599, Abbas sent his first diplomatic mission to Europe. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period", Persian Constitutional Revolution (19051911), 1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election, March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum, December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum, 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014), Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015), 20182019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament), Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO), Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_dynasty&oldid=1150017490, Early Modern history of Georgia (country), Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Persian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi. With their major enemy keeping quiet, the Safavid Shahs became complacent, and then corrupt and decadent. In 1732 by the Treaty of Resht and in 1735 Treaty of Ganja, he negotiated an agreement with the government of Empress Anna Ioanovna that resulted in the return of the recently annexed Iranian territories, making most of the Caucasus fall back into Iranian hands, while establishing an Irano-Russian alliance against the common neighbouring Ottoman enemy. [76] Under the Peace, the Ottomans agreed to restore Yerevan, Karabakh and Nakhjuwan to the Safavids and in turn would retain Mesopotamia (Iraq) and eastern Anatolia. [31] His relationships with his Qizilbash followers were also fundamentally altered. [118] Ruthless discipline was enforced and looting was severely punished. Although they lasted a long time it was necessary to have changes for different occasions like weddings and the Nowruz, while men of status never wore the same turban two days running. [83] While Persians continued to fill their historical role as administrators and clerical elites under Tahmsp, little had been done so far to minimize the military role of the Qezelb. This Islamic Empire was strong enough to challenge the Ottomans in the west and the Mughals in the east. Each element constituted 20 percent of the crop production, and if, for instance, the farmer provided the labour force and the animals, he would be entitled to 40 percent of the earnings. [151][full citation needed] At the same time, the Russians led by Peter the Great attacked and conquered swaths of Safavid Iran's North Caucasian, Transcaucasian, and northern mainland territories through the Russo-Iranian War (1722-1723). Whereas neither the ancient Greeks nor the Romans accorded high social status to their doctors, Iranians had from ancient times honored their physicians, who were often appointed counselors of the Shahs. "The Safavid Period" in Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence. Safavids - Islamic Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo [244], Safavids also used Persian as a cultural and administrative language throughout the empire and were bilingual in Persian. After that they join together in uttering a great cry and trying to overthrow each other. What was the Safavid Empire? The Shumlu leader, Ali Quli Khan, however, holed himself inside Herat with Abbas. History of the Ottoman Empire. In 1722, an Afghan army led by Mir Wais' son Mahmud advanced on the heart of the empire and defeated the government forces at the Battle of Gulnabad. Since the earliest days of the Safavid dynasty, the Qizilbash generals had been appointed to most of these posts. [75] Temporary terms were followed by the Peace of Amasya in June 1555, ending the war with the Ottomans for the next two decades. Ismil was known as a brave and charismatic youth, zealous with regards to his faith in Sha Islam, and believed himself to be of divine descentpractically worshipped by his Qizilbash followers. [17] There seems now to be a consensus among scholars that the Safavid family hailed from Iranian Kurdistan,[5] and later moved to Iranian Azerbaijan, finally settling in the 11th century CE at Ardabil. [136][137] Henceforward, the number of diplomatic missions to and fro greatly increased. JOHN LENNON. 5 Pages. After the decline of the Timurid Empire (13701506), Iran was politically splintered, giving rise to a number of religious movements. The Safavid Empire, 1501-1736 - Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas Roemer, H.R. Savory, R, Iran under the Safavids, p. 66. [63] Furthermore, by the early 1510s Ismail's expansionistic policies had pushed the Safavid borders in Asia Minor even more westwards. [45] There were many local states prior to the Iranian state established by Ismil. The Shah himself exercised his own measures for keeping his ministers under control by fostering an atmosphere of rivalry and competitive surveillance. Twelver Sha ruling dynasty of Iran (15011736), Genealogyancestors of the Safavids and its multi-cultural identity. Ya'qub allied himself with the Shirvanshah and killed Haydar in 1488. However, the Ottomans led more than twice as many troops as the Safavid army, and it said that the difference in troop strength made the difference between victory and defeat. Eskandar Beg, pp. The Safavid Empire, based in Persia ( Iran ), ruled over much of southwestern Asia from 1501 to 1736. [3][5], The Safavid Kings themselves claimed to be sayyids,[16] family descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, although many scholars have cast doubt on this claim. The Silk Road which led through northern Iran was revived in the 16th century. "afavid Dynasty". Siege of Isfahan - Wikipedia Although the expedition never managed to return to Iran, being shipwrecked on the journey around Africa, it marked an important new step in contacts between Iran and Europe. Thus, the majority of the people suffered from rapacity and corruption carried out in the name of the Shah. The Mughals adhered (for the most part) to a tolerant Sunni Islam while ruling a largely Hindu population. [160] He considered them to be a well-educated and well-behaved people. In 1726 an Afghan group destroyed the ruling dynasty. The Persians called it Nisf-e-Jahan, 'half the world', meaning that to see it was to see half the world.
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