twistex team bodies

The strong inflow and outer circulation winds in conjunction with rocky roads and a relatively underpowered vehicle also hampered driving away from the tornado. Storm Chasers - TWISTEX Goes Down Discovery 5.35M subscribers 30K views 11 years ago STORM CHASERS airs Sundays at 10PM e/p on Discovery! Offers may be subject to change without notice. According to O'Neill, he worked "from dawn to dusk" with "the same dedication and focus he brought to his meteorological work".[13]. What to Know about Discovery's 'Expedition Unknown'. Please be respectful of copyright. After studying these failed systems, Samaras entered the fray in the early 2000s with his newly designed probe, the Hardened In-situ Tornado Pressure Recorders (abbreviated as HITPR, but often referred to as "the turtle"). Discovery had canceled the program after . Video by Gabe Garfield, Special to The Denver Post. Three crosses on the ground commemorated Grubbs's friends. Monster/Unlock. He also contributed to Storm Track magazine. The hens began to go round in circles, and the horses ran out of the . "My heart wasn't in it last year," he told me, referring to the weeks after his colleagues' deaths. But Samaras was a seasoned chaser who pursued tornadoes for over two decades. [5] Samaras's widow, Kathy, revealed in her first news interview since his death that she will continue ChaserCon, which consistently attracts luminary scientists and chasers as speakers. He toured Tornado Alley with the Samarases and Young until just days before the El Reno twister. Matt and Tim Samaras first crossed paths at a destroyed farmstead minutes after the Manchester, SD tornado struck on June 24, 2003. This article has been tagged as NSFL due to its disturbing subject matter. Tim and Paul Samaras, and Carl Young were all unfortunately killed by the 2013 El Reno Tornado which they were researching for TWISTEX, a tornado research team. In Memory of Tim Samaras Twistex Team "He was always taking apart his parent's appliances to see how they fit together, how they worked," says Hargrove, who interviewed Samaras family members for the book. Many couldn't believe that in the end, a storm caught the legendary storm chaser. This memorial on Reuter Road honors the three storm chasers and TWISTEX. It hasn't happened yet.". He was found hanging in his Wichita, Kansas home. The monument was struck by bullets and the American flag was cut away from the flagpole. Others buzzed the area on a meteorological thrill ride, video cameras in hand, venturing as close as they dared to shoot images that in short order would find a worldwide audience through social media. I'm hoping that someone he inspired will step in. With $8.5 billion worth of damages, along with over 160,900 villain deaths and 1,043 . There aren't any plans to bring Storm Chasers back to the Discovery Channel's lineup, but any tornado chasing enthusiasts have their fair share of conventions to go to to get their weather-hunting fix. Tim was found inside the mangled vehicle, while Paul and Carl were found about half a mile away. Tribute Video To Twistex Team of Tim Samaras, Paul Samaras, and Carl Young.Samaras was a careful storm chaser, but that hard north turn and chaser convergenc. Grubb said a few words to his pals, as he was recently given to doing on his now-solo chases: "OK, guys, where should I go now?" Unauthorized use is prohibited. Gallus approached his meeting with Samaras with great trepidation, fretting his engineering collaborators would be disappointed. Dan has stated that to respect the families of the three deceased storm chasers, he will likely not release it. This page was last edited on 13 March 2023, at 11:18. [2] The measurement is also the lowest pressure, 850 hectopascals (25.10inHg), ever recorded at Earth's surface when adjusted for elevation. As Samaras once, The twister that tooks Samaras' and his colleagues' lives is a testament to tornadoes complexity, and how much scientists have yet to learn. A twister snakes toward storm chasers in South Dakota. Tim Samaras was a pioneer and great man. Tim Samaras, storm chaser and researcher, died on May 31st, aged 55. [15], Samaras was survived by his wife Kathy, two daughters, a son from a previous relationship, brothers Jim and Jack, and two grandchildren. Yeah, Young replied. Max Thieriot shocked fans when he posted a before and after picture in 2021. "The ingredients are coming together for a pretty volatile day," storm chasing legend Tim Samaras told MSNBC during a phone interview on Friday, May 31, 2013. [1] Paul (19252005) was a photographer and model airplane distributor who was an Army projectionist in WWII. But, he added, "if I had to do it again, I would go. Samaras, born in Lakewood, Colorado, was curious from the start. [5] The three making up TWISTEX - storm chaser Tim Samaras, his son photographer Paul Samaras, and meteorologist Carl Young - set out to attempt research on the tornado. Some studies suggests tornadoes may have become more intense in recent years. I'm assuming the big vortex on the left is the main condensation funnel? | http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/storm-cha. Over the course of its 40-minute rampage, the twister caused millions of dollars of damage, 115 injuries and 20 deaths. That effort, Hyperion's president Geoff Carter told me, has also been tabled, since "Tim's gift was thinking outside the box, having a knack for knowing just what kind of design we neededand that's a hole we haven't been able to fill. [9][10] Samaras later described the tornado as the most memorable of his career. But, he continues, "Tim [had] never been content to merely observe.". The entire episode was dedicated to the researcher, who was extremely passionate about his line of work and a big fan favorite on the program. | READ MORE. Though it's not easy to pin the trend on changes in climate, it's certainly a troubling possibility. "And it was like Tim didn't get the memo.". He was only 30 years old when he passed away and left behind a wife, Kendra, and two children: sons Collin and Hunter. [8] The probe was dropped in front of the oncoming tornado a mere 82 seconds before it hit. [2] In total, he tracked down more than 125 tornadoes during his career. He was 38. [5], In addition to tornadoes, he was interested in all aspects of convective storms with particular research focus on lightning, for which he utilized cameras shooting up to 1.4 million fps. TWISTEX (a backronym for T actical W eather- I nstrumented S ampling in/near T ornadoes Ex periment) was a tornado research experiment that was founded and led by Tim Samaras of Bennett, Colorado, US, that ended in the deaths of three researchers in the 2013 El Reno tornado. Sadly, Matt is another cast member of the show who had his life cut short in 2010, however his death wasn't directly related to his work. "[7] National Geographic remarked "Tim was a courageous and brilliant scientist who fearlessly pursued tornadoes and lightning in the field in an effort to better understand these phenomena. Some teams have vehicles that allow them to go into storms up to about F3 strength, and others stay way away from the storms, but TWISTEX attempted to put probes in the storm's path but always. I was an avid fan of Storm Chasers when it was on Discovery Channel so today's news hits me particularly hard. To save chestnut trees, we may have to play God, Why you should add native plants to your garden, What you can do right now to advocate for the planet, Why poison ivy is an unlikely climate change winner. Three members of the TWISTEX storm chasing team including Tim Samaras, his son Paul Samaras, and chase partner Carl Young were killed on Friday in El Reno, Oklahoma when a tornado made a direct. A large and violent tornado/multiple-vortex mesocyclone (MVMC) tracked east and northeastward near El Reno, Oklahoma, on 31 May 2013, causing eight fatalities, including storm chasers/researchers attempting to deploy in situ instrumentation. "This year, I'm feeling kind of refreshed. A storm chaser from New Baden, Ill., Robinson narrowly escaped the violence of the El Reno tornado. Axolotls and capybaras are TikTok famousis that a problem? Two minutes later they were 400 yards behind Robinson and getting swallowed by the storm. Winter was also fascinated by weather and was informed by his mother that Tim was his father after he heard Samaras speak at the 2006 Severe Storms and Doppler Radar Conference in Des Moines, Iowa. New York Post article on the TWISTEX incident. A new beginning. As journalist, Hargrove was a reporter for the Dallas Observer when he heard of Samaras' death. The installment featured Matt in a leading role, taking the helm on a major tornado chase. Tim Samaras sat in the front passenger seat of the white Chevrolet Cobalt, considering the next move in a storm chasers game of cat-and-mouse with the massive tornado that thundered across the landscape. Inside South Africas skeleton trade. People may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. Throughout Samaras' career, he ventured ever closer to the deadly storms to deploy squat cone-shaped probes he engineered to measure the pressure, humidity and temperature in the heart of the tornado. Does eating close to bedtime make you gain weight? Hopefully the Twistex team did not die in vain, and that other researchers will have learned from this very tragic outcome and be just a little safer in the future. But to do this, Samaras had to bend the chasers' one rule: "never get too close or too cocky," as Hargrove puts it. It is likely that they would prefer a legacy other than the proliferation of reckless souls courting death for the sake of an adrenaline rush and awesome video footage. Samaras later assembled a crew of researchers and videographers who traveled under the title of TWISTEX (Tactical Weather Instrumented Sampling in/near Tornadoes EXperiment). My wife's first reaction was, 'You need to stopyou need to retire from storm chasing.' But unlike researchers affiliated with universities, Hargrove notes, Samaras' plucky crew of upstarts didn't have access to fancy mobile doppler equipment, which provides near real-time updates of the developing storm. Joel Taylor, while vacationing on a cruise ship in Puerto Rico in 2018, died from a drug overdose. [29], Meteorologists at the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a statement saying they were very saddened by Tim's death. Even as the Cobalt churned through the wind in an effort to outrun the storm so they could place the probes, Samaras reconsidered their speed and course, calculating whether it would be wise to hang back and let the tornado pass in front of them. The footage shows the car as the tornado moves onto it. We can pass it right now, Tim, he said. Those who made the trip witnessed seasonal destruction. It was a test of an early warning system that never panned out. Later, he compiled radar data, video images and other information to help reconstruct the twister's path and its intersection with the TWISTEX team. It came at 175 mph, containing 300 mph winds. It was the strategy that, on almost any day in Tornado Alley, would offer the best chance to intercept the tornado on their own terms, to plant the probes and with some luck reap the potentially huge research benefits of a calculated risk. [11] Samaras had another son, Matt Winter, whom he had only learned about seven years before Samaras' death and who was welcomed into the family. One of the only people to see it was Gabe Garfield, a member of the team Tim and Paul operated. That tornado has been upgraded to an EF5. STDs are at a shocking high. [1] His memorial service was held on June 6, 2013 at Mission Hills Church in Littleton, Colorado. Tension threatens to derail team TWISTEX's chase on a huge day. Three members of the TWISTEX storm chasing team including Tim Samaras, his son Paul Samaras, and chase partner Carl Young were killed on Friday in El Reno, Oklahoma when a tornado made a direct hit on their vehicle. June 2, 2013 -- Storm chaser and meteorologist Tim Samaras, his storm chaser partner Carl Young, and his son Paul Samaras, were among the 11 people killed in the latest round of tornadoes . "He was the talk of the meteorological world after that," says Hargrove. STORM CHASERS: Twistex Team Tim Samaras, Paul Samaras, and Carl Young died in El Reno, OK tornado. The subvortex was detached from the main funnel, which was unusual. [26] A makeshift memorial was established at the site soon after the incident[27] and a crowdfunded permanent memorial is under development, spearheaded by Doug Gerten, the deputy who first found the vehicle wreckage. The TWISTEX research has "ground to a halt," says cofounder Bruce Lee. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Crucially, he could speak the language: "He was communicating with the engineers in engineer-ese.". It showed that the TWISTEX team was right behind Robinson when he crossed the highway. Tim was tasked to deploy one of these in front of a more powerful tornado for further research. [1] The family lived on 35 acres near Bennett, Colorado, at the time of his death. I mean, I have a clear shot., Weve got debris in the air, said Samaras, and the loud thud of an object striking the car punctuated his words. [14] In 2005, he was named an "Emerging Explorer" by the National Geographic Society. (Several of the props would thereafter be seen photographed on dashboards throughout the blogosphere.) The . The position was a dream for Samaras, but his love of storms kept calling him back. It came in a loop, so must've seemed like it came out of nowhere. Late in the afternoon of May 31, 2013, at the beginnings of the team's ill-fated venture, Samaras took to Twitter, writing: Storms now initiating south of Watonga along triple point. The adjunct professor at a community college also worked as an avid environmentalist and 11-year TWISTEX partner to Tim Samaras. Samaras attended Lasley Elementary and O'Connell Junior High in Lakewood, before graduating from Alameda International Junior/Senior High School in 1976. Smithsonian magazine participates in affiliate link advertising programs. Rajang. Carl Young, Timothy Samaras . According to the video description, the twister turned so suddenly and violently that Robinson was forced to abandon his vehicle and take cover in a ditch when it could no longer drive against the fierce winds: We may earn a commission from links on this page. His car's dashcam recorded his encounter with the tornado, which he has released publically. Honoring the legendary Tim Samaras and his partners by continuing the chase has been the easy part. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Jim Samaras said Sunday, June 2, 2013, that his brother Tim Samaras was killed along with Tim's son, Paul Samaras, and another chaser, Carl Young, on Friday, May 31, 2013 in Oklahoma City. [31], Samaras and his wife Kathy had three children Paul (November 12, 1988 May 31, 2013), Amy Gregg, and Jennifer Samaras. Lesko. He obtained a Pentagon security clearance by 20, testing and building weapons systems. He later spotted a NOAA call for proposals to develop an instrument that could withstand the conditions within the tornadoand he couldn't help but answer. 2 hours of sleep? Each of those deaths was significant, but three were particularly unusual: the first storm chasers ever known to be killed in a tornado. Quest Name. 1. Andy Gabrielson had died in a traffic accident in 2012, and Herb Stein lost his battle with cancer in 2016. I look at it that he is in the 'big tornado in the sky' We (the family) will keep folks aware of what the funeral estrangements are, but please in the meantime keep Tim and Paul in your thoughts and prayers.". All three storm chasers in the vehicle died, leading to the first time a storm chaser has died on the job.[2]. Settling in Asia, Europe, and the Caribbean has continuously challenged me to operate outside the boundaries of my comfort zone and has laid the foundation to my proactive approach and empathic skillset. A new book chronicles his harrowing last days. Since the 1970s, researchers had been attempting to measure these basic pillars of atmospheric science from the tornado's heart. Accurate Weather page on the El Reno tornado. On the darkening horizon, thick clouds billowed in a promise of rain. ", Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Meanwhile, no-one was killed when a violent twister hits a small town in southern Mississippi. It came in a loop, so must've seemed like it came out of nowhere. [7], Samaras designed and built his own weather instruments, known as probes, and deployed them in the path of tornadoes in order to gain scientific insight into the inner workings of a tornado. Reply. Matt was a meteorologist who worked for KAKE-TV, a local ABC news affiliate operating out of Wichita, Kansas. They were unable to escape after losing control of their car, according to the Facebook page created in their memory. . In case anybody is still doubting the power of this tornado, this is the same one that tossed the Weather Channel's truck and created that giant sinkhole. Confusion begins to grip the men in the Cobalt. It depends. The latter would recount to a newscaster, "I was really scared, because I remember the other three chasers who got killed." Location of the remains of TWISTEX - a tornado research vehicle that was crushed and flipped by the 2013 El Reno Tornado. Though they assumed this to be inflow, the wind produced as the tornado sucked air into its expanding rotation, in fact it was the larger circulation of the tornado itself. At its peak, researchers estimate that the twister spanned 2.6 miles across. The probe recorded a pressure drop of, At the time, Gallus had been collaborating with Partha Sarkar, an engineer trying to develop structures that could better withstand tornadoes. ", As Hargrove would soon learn, Samaras' dangerous work had good reason: he was trying to save lives. But after that first taste of studying the mechanics of storms, Samaras was hooked. An accomplished photographer and videographer, another research method was photogrammetry, with some footage derived from cameras in probes shooting from within tornadoes. Make sure its in focus.. With his team,. I got myself addicted to this show called "Storm Chasers". Tim and Carl were meteorologists for TWISTEX and Tim's 24-year-old son, Paul, functioned as the group's photographer. A video camera inside the vehicle[3] and a rear-facing dashcam of a nearby driver[4] recorded most of the event, but neither has been released to the public. 2013 is a year in the 21st Century. Storm chaser Tim Samaras observes a blackening sky in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. The probe recorded a pressure drop of 100 millibars, the largest ever seen inside a tornado. Their deaths only further added more controversy to the growing debate about the validity of "storm chasing" methodologies. Since that day, white river rocks have been moved to form a perimeter around the area. We just received this tweet from a storm chaser following the same storm as The Weather Channel,. He'd record every moment of his pursuit, later selling the videos to weather stations. The Waurika, Okla.-based storm chaser had toured Dixie Alley with good friend Carl Young earlier in the spring. And as with all science, they need repetition of the measurements at multiple points through the storm and of tornadoes of different strengths. "[7] On Facebook, Samaras' brother said he died "doing what [he] LOVED. But archaeology is confirming that Persia's engineering triumph was real. To study twisters in detail, Sarkar and his colleagues. Are you in movie mode? Samaras said, as Young handed him his video camera. In 1997, mechanical engineer Frank Tatom asked Samaras to deploy a seismic sensordubbed the snailnear a tornado. Then the storm chaser departed the plainsknowing, however, that he would be back. Immediately out of high school and without a rsum, he was hired as a walk-in at the University of Denver Research Institute. Were almost right alongside of it here. | Make your patio the place to beThis 7-piece outdoor sectional furniture set is marked down from $900 to $600 on Amazon right now. Alameda International Junior/Senior High School, "Tim Samaras, Paul Samaras funeral services set for Littleton on Thursday", "Colorado storm chaser Tim Samaras killed in Oklahoma tornado along with son and longtime partner", "The Last Ride of Legendary Storm Chaser Tim Samaras", "Tim Samaras Dead: Oklahoma Tornado Kills Storm Chaser, Son Paul Samaras, and Chase Partner Carl Young", "Greatest pressure drop measured in a tornado", "Pressure Measurements at the ground in an F-4 tornado", "World: Lowest Sea Level Air Pressure (excluding tornadoes)", "Thermal imaging system for internal combustion engines", "Tim Samaras' Wife Opens Up About The Storm Chaser's Life", "Some Considerations for the Use of High-Resolution Mobile Radar Data in Tornado Intensity Determination", "Central Oklahoma Tornadoes and Flash Flooding May 31, 2013", "The El Reno tornado unusual & very deadly", "Tornado Scientist Tim Samaras and Team Killed in Friday's El Reno, OK Tornado", "The storm chaser dilemma and choice to sit out the May 31 Oklahoma City tornadoes", "The day that should change tornado actions and storm chasing forever", "El Reno Survey A survey of the tornado of 31 May 2013", "Storm Chaser Tim Samaras: One Year After His Death, His Gift Is Unmatched", "Deputy Works To Create Memorial For Samaras Storm Chasing Team", "Monument for fallen storm chasers vandalized", "NOAA statement on deaths of storm researchers Tim Samaras, Paul Samaras and Carl Young", "Memorial service Thursday for storm chasers Tim Samaras, Paul Samaras, killed in El Reno tornado", Explorers bio at National Geographic Society, El Reno: Lessons From the Most Dangerous Tornado in Storm Observing History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Samaras&oldid=1147785118, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 April 2023, at 04:48. The 1996 drama Twister had loomed large in his teen yearsand Samaras' story was like a real-life retelling of that suspenseful tale. OKLAHOMA CITY, (NBC) - Three professional "storm chasers" were among the 13 people who died in the tornadoes that ripped through the Oklahoma City area Friday, the research project they ran confirmed Sunday. At 6:23p.m. on May 31, 2013, Samaras (an engineer and meteorologist), his 24-year-old son Paul (a photographer), and TWISTEX team member Carl Young (a meteorologist), 45, were killed by a violent wedge tornado[19] with winds of 295mph (475km/h) near the Regional Airport of El Reno, Oklahoma. And unlike hurricanes, which can be spotted days off shore, tornadoes develop over the course of hours or minutes, which makes taking on-the-ground measurements even more challenging. . Chasing Tornado's. Others felt that the show was "misleading" and led people to believe that they could safely get near tornadoes, which might encourage some folks to drive at a tornado instead of doing their best to avoid them. [12], Samaras and his team logged over 35,000 miles (56,000km) of driving during the two peak months of tornado season each year. The team's "turtle probes" were filled with water and contained no useful data. Ed Grubb The Dark Wall: Legendary tornado chaser Tim. Samaras also shot for art and for pleasure. It is a vehicle that has been specifically designed to withstand the powerful winds and debris of a tornado, while simultaneously capturing high-quality data. This work is becoming more important than ever, Hargrove writes. [2] Samaras' aerodynamic probes were a breakthrough design for survivability inside tornadoes. RIP my best friend and storm chasing partner, Joel Taylor. Now we go up north and then east.. Advertising Notice Scientists are slowly making headway, Gallus says. Longtime fans want to know: whatever happened to Matt from the show? Twistex 2.0 Zachary Estep. Who buys lion bones? Chasing has been a part of Tim's life for over 25 years. The storm's total death toll now stands at 12. A senior atmospheric scientist at WindLogics, Inc., in Grand Rapids, Minn., Lee worked with TWISTEX for several years on various tornado projects. was found dead still belted into the mangled wreck, while the bodies . @ShowEstep49491. For the past three years, Crown Point native Matt Grzych has faced storms side by side with the three as a member of TWISTEX, the field research program featured on Discovery Channel series. He also had a lifelong love of storms and weather, sparked by a childhood obsession by the twister that swept up Dorothy and Toto in The Wizard of Oz. Storm researcher Gabe Garfield, who chased the May 31 El Reno, Okla., tornado with three friends, stopped to take video of the twisters early stages. Among the luckiest of survivors was a group of amateur storm chasers who videotaped themselves driving directly into the storm's path near the town of Mayflower, Arkansas ("Oh, crap, we're in it," one of them moaned), and a West Virginian who drove all the way to Tupelo and also was nearly engulfed by a twister. Sub-vortices ripped across fields to the south. The spot a few yards off Reuter Road where the body of Tim Samaras was found inside the crushed vehicle (his son and Carl Young were thrown from the car) may soon become a permanent memorial site for the storm chasers. [7], The team travelled alongside the tornado, which was rapidly changing speed, direction, and even size, reaching a record-beating width of 2.6 miles. "He was always taking apart his parent's appliances to see how they fit together, how they worked," says Hargrove, who interviewed Samaras family members for the book. He also had a lifelong love of storms and weather, sparked by a childhood obsession by the twister that swept up Dorothy and Toto in, After studying these failed systems, Samaras entered the fray in the early 2000s with his newly designed probe, the Hardened In-situ Tornado Pressure Recorders (abbreviated as HITPR, but often referred to as "the turtle"). An ongoing concern for the TWISTEX group is the growing popularity of storm chasing, which attracts flocks of enthusiasts with wide-ranging goals, from scientific research to video gathering to. It truly is sad that we lost my great brother Tim and his great son, Paul. "This guy's going going to be some cowboy," he recalls thinking before the meeting. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recognized him for his investigations of the TWA Flight 800 crash. At the time, Gallus had been collaborating with Partha Sarkar, an engineer trying to develop structures that could better withstand tornadoes. Deadliest Catch is a pretty great example of this. He was an avid amateur astronomer and also interested in electronics and inventions. Paul Samaras, Tims 24-year-old son, sat silent in the back seat, audibly detached from the scenes he was videotaping with his own equipment. In 2013, Tim Samaras died in one of the epic storms hed spent decades chasing. The Cast of Discovery Channel's 'All On The Line' Fishes for $20,000 Paydays, People Are Convinced That Oprah Owns the Entire Discovery Network, Real or Fake? Strewn about were floral arrangements, an Easter basket, nametags from ChaserCon attendees, and the shirt of another former TWISTEX colleague, Tony Laubach. Recreations of the chase in El Reno suggest that a calamitous series of choices and developments doomed the chasers; they were essentially in the "wrong place at the wrong time," says Hargrove. Carl Young's video camera had apparently reached a data limit and clicked off a minute before the tornado hit them. But when the tornado was detected, they decided to pursue it, seeking to place a turtle drone in its path. But before their stalking of the dangerous vortex turned deadly, their cries could be heard by Oklahoma Highway Patrol Trooper Betsy Randolph. [5], Samaras became a prominent engineer at Applied Research Associates initially focusing on blast testing and airline crash investigations. [7], Atmospheric scientists and storm chasers embarked on a major project to gather information and analyze what happened regarding chaser actions and meteorological occurrences. Rats invaded paradise. At the intersection where authorities said the three men were killed, crews . Storm Chasers is definitely up there with wild jobs, and longtime fans of the show are wondering what happened to Matt Hughes from the program. The Happiness Project, an exhibition at Body Worlds Amsterdam, provides eye-opening insight into the human body. Many factors can affect the developing tornadofrom changes in air temperature to the tug of nearby storms.

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