The words spoken in the later stanzas are the daughters imaginings of what her father saw and thought (half way there, she thought) rather than the pilots own. We were only able to complete this project by virtue of his generosity, kindness, and dedication to a peaceful future only possible with the knowledge of the past. Given the approach speeds of the planes being over a hundred knots, it is good advice for increasing the chance of hitting the target. . Attack Assignments renders, again, the planes and the ships as the same size, and draws a mere connecting line between plane and ship to represent the desired approach. Simple sentences 11. The poem presents itself as a first-person account of an migre's relationship with her homeland. Unlike Manual 1, the excerpts border on the poetic: . The words are spoken with wonder however. University of Chicago Press. Sample Decks: WORDS, Language techniques or devices, grade 9 techniques/a-level Show Class English Lit - Poetry. In M. Flammia and K. St.Amant (Eds. The poem tells us about a Japanese womans father. Based on these observations, we would make four global arguments about Manual 1. A valuable critical overview of WWIIpoets by the Poetry Foundation. In A. A classical case of poor communication: P.G.T. This makes us feel a part of the pilots daughters reminiscences as she explains to her own children what her father must have felt like as he progressed on his suicide mission. 3 for it seems I never saw it in that November. What is a kamikaze? 2368268). (read the full definition & explanation with examples). The theme of memory can also be explored in Poppies and the theme of the power of nature can be found in Ozymandias and Storm on the Island. Other military discourse studies roughly parallel to ours suggest, curiously, that there are many important artifacts to be explored in military documents, but none of them ever reflect well on the military. Pilot preparation shares an emphasis on mental and spiritual preparation with Manual 1: Transcend life and death. At the beginning of the poem there is a sense of the overwhelming pride in ones nation that fighters were meant to feel in the war. We agree with this charge but caution that the historical, cultural, and wartime contexts of these two manuals renders retroactively judging them by such an ethical standard problematic. Manua1 1 is 22 pages long on 5-inch x 3.5-inch paper. It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil Crushed, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Indeed, many U.S. military manuals in use emphasize multiple survival techniques, but there is no such expectation here for Togo pilots, save in circumstances when the target ship or ships cannot be found, in which case the pilot was expected to return, and fly and die another day. They were expected to crash their warplanes into enemy warships. Ganier, F. (2004). (4) Togo troops need to, no matter what, sink the target (without questioning) of the types and sizes of the enemys ships, ordered by the High-Level Commander. Loges, M. (1995). A key aspect to bushido is the act of seppuku, where a dishonored samurai voluntarily commits suicide if sufficiently dishonored or wounded, or is ordered to do so by a superior. A. Campbell, and D, Henry (Eds. The only discretion allowed Togo pilots is being able to return when they are unable to locate the target or targets: (23) If it is inevitable that the [Togo troop] returns due to conditions, especially the interference of the weather, being unable to find the target, etc., Togo in-air workers, without being disappointed, need to be prepared for the next attack with even a stronger ishi (will) . family. It is inevitable that [we] predict various types of confusion and mistakes. 8 but I am branded by an impression of sunlight. 33in his presence, nor did she meet his eyes, 34and the neighbours too, they treated him, 36only we children still chattered and laughed, 41And sometimes, she said, he must have wondered, Instant downloads of all 1725 LitChart PDFs Both poems highlight the effects that conflict can have on families and men who go to war. Correll, J. T. (2015). The emphasis on mental power and will is telling; we would not see this in a pilots manual that did not assume the pilot was going to die. This will also enable you to concentrate your attention on eradicating the enemy with unwavering determination, meanwhile reinforcing your excellence in flight skills. You feel that the speed has increased by a few thousand-fold. Conscientious objectors did not exist. As mentioned before, 1945 saw the Japanese military in severe distress. A dive bomber would approach from a high altitude and dive at a steep angle toward the target, increasing speed and accuracy dramatically before dropping its bombs at the more thinly armored top of the target ship (Smith, 1982). Comparisons and alternative. Technical Communication, 48(3), 297308. The Japanese army and navy in WWII, through the Senjinkun and propaganda, were quick to link the sense of duty in bushido to the war effort. She never lost her love of poetry however and began to join poetry classes and workshops. This further enhances the sense of disconnect from the reader and the mans family. The concept of "god" was originally represented only by the right part, . Throughout the poem the father/pilot is silent. docx, 36.18 KB. However, in this desperate context, that same appeal becomes much more morbid in Manual 2 than the style of Manual 1. It begins as a kind of report, summarising another conversation or an overheard story told by someone else. Even the pictures threaten the poetic persona of the poem. Katzs (1992) analysis of a 1942 German technical memo that detailed how best to redesign trucks used for gassing Jews and undesirables to be more efficient is a good reference point. She became an NHS clinician and worked as a researcher and teacher in the field of psychological medicine. Kamikaze pilots were soldiers who flew aircraft loaded with explosives into enemy ships in suicide attacks. A set of activities to work through to explore the poem Kamikaze. The poem's content, ideas, language and structure are explored. We have reproduced them here as they are presented in Axell and Kases manuscript. What made the Togo pilots unique is their highly organized, even mechanistic operation, enabled by the language and structure of their manuals. . docx, 46.37 KB. These two words in the span of Sections 3 and 4 suggest, then, the document has some ethical seams. Past explorations of technical communication ethics include the desirability of humanistic visuals, especially when describing human tragedy (Dragga & Voss, 2001; Dragga & Voss, 2003) as well as, increasingly, sensitivity to the circumstances of intercultural technical communication (Flammia & Voss, 2007) and its teaching (Aguad & Voss, 2017). Method: We examine Japanese military ideology at a particular stage in the war to contextualize a rhetorical analysis of the two translated texts. . World War II Poetry The last two stanzas of the poem are written in this way as the daughter explains the impact of her fathers decision to return home. (31) Although the point of crash varies depending on the airplane types, target types, size, speed, etc., [the target] should be the center of the deck in the case of a steep dive crash. The manual genre in technical communication aims to help readers accomplish a task that they either could not do alone or could do more efficiently with assistance from the text. The patriotism and honour of the kamikaze pilots is felt with the words one-way journey into history, showing that the pilots felt that their actions would bring both themselves and their country glory in some way. The pilot has a shaven head which is full of powerful incantations, both images more indicative of Buddhist or Shinto monks and priests than soldiers and pilots. LitCharts Teacher Editions. chattered and laughed. Interview with Kamikaze Pilots But what if the task at hand is to successfully kill yourself as well as others? Cruel pies: The inhumanity of technical illustrations. Part of Sandbox Learning Limited. This was often the real response to pilots who chose not to complete their suicide mission. kamikaze language techniques Isgho Votre ducation notre priorit Japan faced an unimaginable defeat at the hands of the US, when it was widely believed by Japanese that the US tortured their prisoners to death, whether military or civilian, and that they would butcher the Japanese civilian population in an invasion. The year of the kamikaze. Differentiated prompts to annotate the language, form and structure. As such, the larger organizational strategy, or any graphics, are unavailable. it is often difficult to confirm the battle result. Yooryoo is the term used for plans and for the manual itself; it is a very serious word that means anything from outlines, key points, instructions, or a manual. Feifer, G. (2012). The major similarity between the two manuals, though, is their authoritarian, imperative tone. Things made by words: Reflections on textual criticism. Stanford UP. sea. Loorbach, N., Karreman, J., & Steehouder, M. (2013). Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 25(3), 261273. Loose comparisons could be made between the Togo pilots and the September 11, 2001 hijackers, who apparently had a highly religious Last Night document with detailed instructions (New York Times). (p. 78). The pilots actions were meant to be bold and affirmative and bring honour and glory to the nation. Garland was born in 1938 in Oxford. Bernhardt, S. A. Symbolism Emotive language The Emotive Language Effect Early to middle 1945 saw Imperial Japan in near-complete disarray, both militarily and economically. Keywords: manuals, ethics, rhetorical analysis, military documentation, World War II. Loss, Conflict and Memory Give two similes from the poem. According to the text, Togo attacks were organized into groups of up to 10 planes, including a lead plane with a more experienced pilot who located targets, the Togo planes themselves, and escort planes that protected the attacking Togo pilots from American air-to-air fighters. We suspect these simple images were copied to chalkboards for use in pilot instruction and their abstract nature kept discussion at the level of technique. In this poem, the poet uses the themes of the brutality of war, destruction, death, terror, impassivity, and ignorance. Factors affecting the processing of procedural instructions: Implications for document design. Visual-rhetoric ethics: Beyond accuracy and injury. In a similar vein, Miller (1989) argues that professional communication is a matter of arguing toward the good of the community rather of constructing texts, but for the good of which community (p. 23)? (Reprinted from Things made by words: Reflections on textual criticism, 1992, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 78, 223231). The title refers to Japanese pilots during World War II tasked with flying a suicide mission. 374.6 KB. Continuing to reinforce the desired state, the manual emphasizes seeshin-teki yooso (mental or emotional strength): (6) In order to complete the assigned tasks, Togo troop [members] have to possess not only seeshin-teki yooso (mental or emotional strength) but also eyes that can determine opportunities and skills in order to achieve goals. We cannot connect the manual directly to the effectiveness of Togo unit discipline, but the existence of the manual and its arguments suggest that discipline was a concern. Axell, A., & Kase, H. (2002). Japanese commanders did not know the atomic bomb that would destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki was coming, so they were facing, in their minds, a near-certain conventional invasion. In A. . Overall, during the war, Japanese pilots flew over 2,500 suicide sorties (missions with multiple planes and pilots, and not counting escorts or observers), sinking 33 American ships, killing 4,900 American sailors and wounding 4,800, with about 4,000 Japanese pilots lost (Correll, 2015). A bargain and a time-saver all in one! It offers an exhortation to willpower and action while simultaneously not offering much detail, chiefly as one cannot practice a Togo mission like other airplane maneuvers. ), Teaching and training for global engineering: Perspectives on culture and professional communication practices (pp. The prevailing fatalistic reasoning thus became that completing the mission was preferable to disobedience or the increasing likelihood of being killed by an American bombing. It refers to a suicide mission in war. If there is a rhetorical situation where dehumanizing rhetoric is acceptable, ethically, then these texts, we suggest, are an intriguing place to start looking for it. Tes paid licence How can I reuse this? Even with this focus on the officer in command, Manual 1 still falls safely within the states model of procedural discourse described by Farkas (1999) as it often, deliberately or not, blends the pilots roles with those of the officers. This is not to say that we, the authors, think their actions were reasonable and rational, but rather, the pilots and commanders thought so, and manuals like this one provided an inevitable procedure to fall back upon in moments of doubt. Garland discusses the poem in this short interview. Technical Communication, 54(3), 343358. Their attacks were unorthodox, but the equal of suicidal attacks has happened in wars throughout history. Kamikaze diaries: Reflections of Japanese student soldiers. The title refers to Japanese pilots during World War II tasked with flying a suicide mission. This poem tells the story of akamikaze pilot who, unlike many of his comrades,turns back from his target and returns home. In either case, it is necessary to choose appropriately the point of charging and its start time of the attack in order to get the expected result by crashing into the enemys ship. However, from everything about the Togo pilots that we have read and discerned, there does not seem to have been a practically significant morale problem among the pilots in that none are recorded to have backed out. Sato, H. (2007, Oct. 29). De Velasco, J. yes, grandfathers Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 20(2), 177199. (including. They are easy to remember if studied individually and demonstrate well the manuals assumption of authority. Its very late date after the battle for Okinawa suggests, like Manual 1, that it is intended for attacks in the event of an American invasion of the Japanese home islands. Instead, as in Dive, the reader sees a simple triangle, with the hypotenuse being the path of the plane. The pilot is to head directly for the target and kill himself and others with the maximum amount of efficiency. Author. De Velasco, J. . The word was later used by the Japanese press to describe the flying units of the Japanese military that agreed to carry out suicide missions during the Second World War against American warships.
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