Coral weed ( Corallina officinalis) Coral weed seaweed. 3.14.6. Mechanical methods may be used in other countries. across the British Isles. Research suggests that cold water seaweeds are moving further north where it's cooler, while the range of warm water species is expanding. All illustrations by Dan Cole / The Art Agency. However, as part of The Scottish Governments wider seaweed review, research is underway focusing on understanding the potential scale and type of seaweed-based industries that may be established in Scotland. 3.14.5. They've found their way to our seas - mostly due to human activity - and settled here. Conversely, seagrasses are predicted to proliferate if they are adequately protected from other anthropogenic pressures (Brodie et al., 2014). What Is Edible Seaweed? They also added two more types of seaweed: dulse and alaria. 3.15.2. Appendix C: Background Information on Seaweeds and Seagrasses, 17. 3.9.1. The ecosystem services that have been scoped into this SEA are described in more detail in the relevant sections of this Environmental Report. The fronds are cut at least 10 cm from the mushroom-like base. living and/or beach-cast). This species originates in Japanese waters and was first recorded in the UK in 1973. Building resilience to climate change is also a cross-cutting theme. Figure 7 illustrates two features: Figure 7: Depth transition of kelps from sheltered to exposed shores (adapted from Scott (1993). Where literature has a DOI, you can click on the DOI link to be taken directly to the source material. Therefore any applicant must provide assessment of the effects of their proposed activity in support of their application. Existing devices include the Norwegian kelp dredge designed to harvest Laminaria hyperborea and the Scoubidou which is designed to harvest L. digitata. Seaweed, or marine plants and algae, are plant-like organisms that grow in the ocean, rivers, lakes and other water bodies. Edible; used as a curry-like spice. At each of the four locations we have two corridors close to each other that are very similar, and that we have been surveying for years. Harvested by hand at low tide. Multiple boats operating along the Norwegian and Icelandic coasts can carry dozens of tons each. 3.7.1. 3.16.2. Current level (2019) is less than 100 wet tonnes, Source: Seaweed harvesting activity table from the work of the Seaweed review steering group meeting 26 September 2019. Other species hand harvested, in smaller volumes, include: kelps, other wrack species, carragheens (Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus), dulse (Palmaria palmata), pepper dulse (Osmundea spp.) Pebble and gravel shores that can support large seaweeds will be very sheltered and so will have wracks and kelps characteristic of strong shelter. Distribution: Found on sheltered and semi-exposed rocky shores just above the low water mark. Be particularly restrained with laver, as it is possible to strip a beach of this seaweed in two . Where there's less wave action, it often forms dense, branched, spiny nodules up to 10cm in diameter. 3.10.2. With illustrations by Fiona Osbaldstone. Scotland's two common species of maerl are hard to tell apart: Phymatolithon calcareum is widespread Lithothamnion glaciale is more northern in its range On open coasts exposed to some waves, maerl grows as flattened discs. 3.10.4. Click 'Accept all cookies' to agree to all cookies that collect anonymous data. Opportunists are normal members of all communities. scallop dredging) that physically disturb the underlying substrate. Jongga, Four Seas, Nongshim) seaweed as food for livestock [20] Pollack often power upwards and attack any bait fish or sand eels, that come into vision. This will allow for the best targeted Environmental Assessment to be undertaken, reducing both likelihood of unnecessary assessments being conducted by the applicant and the risk of future challenge to licensing decisions. The larger Laminaria spp. | Website by Yellow Cherry, Scottish Seaweed: A Sustainable Superfood, Highland Good Food Partnership is a Scottish Charitable Incorporated Organisation, registered no. It originates in the Pacific and Indian oceans. The kelps are among the largest algae; certain species of Macrocystis and Nereocystis of the Pacific and Antarctic regions exceed 33 metres (100 feet) in length. There is a significant seaweed resource (Scottish Government, 2016), particularly abundant in three geographical areas: west of the Outer Hebrides, the Minch and Inner Hebrides and the north coast of Orkney. In relation to the marine and coastal environment this includes the protection of migratory species, including birds and fish stocks, protection of marine and coastal habitats, and management of non-native invasive species. A glossy, golden-brown kelp up to 2m long, with distinctive fingers on broad fronds. Juvenile plants are avoided. A3.11 Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds, A3.21 Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock), A3.33 Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock. You can change your cookie settings at any time. horticultural and agricultural applications. Review of Scottish seaweed harvesting rules. We have been very careful about choosing sites away from man-made pollution. Peter explains. Small, red or brown, fern-shaped seaweed of sheltered rocky coves. Olive to purple-brown in colour and up to two metres in length. Published. How the supply chain for various seaweed industries may develop. They are divided into three taxonomic groups: brown, red and green. I have no pollution concerns from where we are harvesting. All content is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0, except for graphic assets and where otherwise stated, 5. Nearly all kelps are ecologically important for another reason they form extensive kelp forests. It is exactly this type of thinking and planning that will continue to take our food system in the Highlands in the direction that it needs to go, in order to be sustainable for people and the planet. SC051354, Now closed: Were Hiring! When the tide comes back in the seaweed floats to form a large circular bale which is then towed by small boat to a sheltered area for loading onto a lorry. There are some beds in the Outer Hebrides, including Loch Maddy and Loch Bi, and in Islay. We check out six common varieties of seaweed and their food applications. Commercial wild seaweed harvesting is having a revival in Scotland. Interest in cultivation is increasing but still small scale and/or experimental. The review found that Scotland's seaweed sector currently delivers an estimated gross value added (GVA) of 510,000 and employs around 60 people, with small, artisan style businesses leading the domestic sector. They are extraordinarily tough, having adapted to survive being exposed and submerged by the tides. In other countries, it is harvested by specially designed seaweed trawlers that use a dredge. Intertidal. The harvesters are also trained so that when there is a lot of rainfall, they dont harvest at the top of the shore, they harvest low down.. The kelp Laminaria saccharina (now known as Saccharina latissima), occurs on many types of shore, but in this situation it can be dominant around the low water mark and in the shallow sublittoral. A seaweed of the upper shore, gutweed is able to tolerate very low salinities. Seaweed is cut about 12 inches from the base; the stump that is left will regenerate in 3 to 4 years. We've created this photograph ID guide to make it a bit easier. Scotland's main commercial wild seaweed harvesting is based in the Outer Hebrides and is focussed on egg or knotted wrack (Table 1). Tens of thousands of people from Orkney, the West Coast and . Figure 11: Legislation and Policy Context for Wild Seaweed Harvesting. 3.15.1. For centuries, seaweeds have been harvested for food several of the dozen species pictured here are edible (and delicious). 3.16.1. After an assessment has been completed it may be appropriate for an ' EIA-type' process, of Screening, Scoping and Environmental Statement stages to be applied. This makes all UK beaches - rocky, shingly or sandy - a good place to forage for them. The potential scope (e.g. SC051354 Highland Good Food Partnership. Distribution: Found attached to rocks or floating in rock pools. The traditional gathering of beach-cast seaweed by crofters does not require landowner permission. It is also a human food in its own right. There are over 650 species of seaweed found around the UK and we're on the lookout for 14 of them. In some areas, harvest is during a narrow window in early summer, after plants have put on reasonable growth but before breaking waves shred the thin leaves. Our seas produce some of the finest seafood in the world and our coast is prime territory for enjoying seaweed foraging in Scotland. (and other species mixed with it) are traditionally gathered to spread on machair land (Angus, 2009), which is also important for the biodiversity of the machair (Comhairle Nan Eilean Siar, 2013). Forms a dense carpet in pools on rocky shores. Farming will hopefully open up new markets for seaweed, which will solve what Peter tells me is one of the biggest challenges the industry faces: There is a willingness to produce seaweed and there is a wonderful product but there are gaps of clear routes to market. Peter goes on to explain why farming might help: Farming is all about producing fast-growing seaweed for a wider variety of applications which includes food but also a more diverse range including bioplastics and speciality ingredients. He adds, By growing volume through farming there are a lot of things you can do at a lower price than wild harvesting., The seaweed industry in the Highlands can be a great support for local communities. when you subscribe to BBC Wildlife magazine. Some smaller patches of red seaweeds are also found on the north and east coasts of Scotland (Figure 3). With a slight increase in exposure A. nodosum is replaced by a greater abundance of Fucus vesiculosus. Over 235 species are described in detail, with colour photographs, information on habitat, distribution and confusion species. Figure 12: The classification of ecosystem services and goods and benefits. Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus), the channel wrack ( Pelvetia canaliculata), dulse ( Palmaria palmata), pepper dulse ( Osmundea spp.) At the end of 2018, SHORE became the first seaweed company in Scotland to put a farm at sea. The black kites on Figure 4 indicate the vertical range of each species; the width of the kite indicates approximate abundance at any height or depth. Found below low-tide mark. Seaweed farming has a low-carbon footprint, using no fresh water and with minimal land-based infrastructure. Key deliverables are expected to cover: An OSPAR agreed list of marine pressures is used to help assessments of human activities in the marine environment. Outer Hebrides; Orkney; Caithness (Ham to Scarfskerry). These vessels include the Norwegian suction/cutter harvester which is designed to harvest Ascophyllum nodosum. 3.10.1. Each seaweed species' tolerance of environmental conditions determines where it will occur and it abundance within its distribution range. This includes objectives to ensure the proper consideration of ecosystem services in all relevant sectors of policy and decision-making and to halt their loss. Hand and mechanical using modified boat with cutter. Seaweeds and seagrasses have a role in supporting food webs which contribute to fish and shellfish productivity, as well as several ecosystem services that have both direct and indirect benefits for human beings ( CCEES & ABPmer, 2010), in particular: 3.16.3. Plants are cut above the meristem (growth point) to allow regrowth. * Macroalgae communities have different composition at different times of year and therefore the timings could change as the demand changes. 3.1.3. Beach-cast seaweeds (mainly kelps) and (potentially) seagrasses may occur on the shoreline in drift lines, as a result of wave action during storms. They grow from mushroom-shaped structures of about 1in in diameter that are attached to the rocks. Only two harvesters were able to respond to queries within the timescale of this SEA and therefore this information is not comprehensive. www.researchgate.net/publication/269996303_Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture_IMTA_in_marine_temperate_waters, https://pureadmin.uhi.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/3263673/Burrows2018_1.pdf, www.gov.scot/publications/wild-seaweed-harvesting-strategic-environmental-assessment-environmental-report/, https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/content/integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture, Lack of regional evidence / robust assessment criteria, but no or few concerns for some local areas, Lack of regional evidence / robust assessment criteria, but some concerns for some local areas, Lack of regional evidence / robust assessment criteria, but many concerns for some local areas. This brown seaweed has paired air bladders (which look like bubbles). Collection or foraging of seaweed in small quantities for personal use is considered to be akin to "blackberrying" and does not require a lease. However, it is considered likely that this habitat will occur wherever there is a beach located close to kelp habitat for example along the beaches on the southwest coast of the Outer Hebrides, parts of the Inner Hebrides ( e.g. Some species have gas-filled sacs and float in surface waters, sometimes far out to sea. The fronds are made up of hundreds of hard, pink, articulated tubes, like some tiny machine. Often these dominant species appear to be stable features of the shore. The majority of red seaweeds are located along the west coast of Scotland, the Inner Hebrides, the west coast of the Outer Hebrides and around Orkney and Shetland. Intertidal. 3.10.6. When we talk about farming and food production, we often think about sheep pasture or cereal fields, but of course not all of our food comes from the land. It is not possible to show a numerical depth limit in the sublittoral as this depends on water clarity and varies geographically. At low tide, more of the shore will be exposed which means that you are likely to find a greater range of species. The seaweed is loaded onto small boats and transferred to a sheltered area for loading onto a lorry, Recovery of growing seaweed varies according to harvesting method, frequency of cutting and time of year. There are a plethora of edible seaweed varieties, from the rather mysterious-sounding native species spiral wrack, Irish moss and gutweed to the Japanese staples of kombu and nori. Seaweed has been used in the production of things. dredgers used in maerl extraction). Fife; Caithness (Ham to Scarfskerry); Bute, Fife; Caithness (Ham to Scarfskerry); Loch Sunart (Salen to Glenmore Bay); Ardnamurchan; Bute. Alterations to temperature, pH and sea levels along with several other factors may result in community shifts which have the potential to affect the ecological functions and ecosystem services currently provided by seaweeds (Jackson et al., 2012). Once considered an incomprehensible habit of the Celtic fringe, eating seaweed has now become very fashionable in Britain, if not exactly mainstream. By entering your details, you are agreeing to our terms and conditions and privacy policy. In Scotland, manual harvesting only is undertaken, using a small boat at low tide, usually by stepping out of the boat to cut the seaweed with a knife. Its appropriately tasteless, but the slime puts people off a bit. In the case of kelps, this involves a device which tears living plants larger than a certain size from the substrate and leaves smaller plants for re-growth ( i.e. Three of the original team are still with us and their combined 13 years of experience of seaweed harvesting makes them the core of our crew. Intertidal. Bright green and grows up to 40cm in length. The wracks are almost entirely intertidal, while the kelps dominate the subtidal, forming the kelp forest, but also extend into the lowest intertidal just above the low water mark. This brown seaweed has deep grooved channels in its fronds and the end of each branch is evenly forked. and Alaria esculenta of solid bedrock shores do not occur here. There is an increased interest in seaweed cultivation, production is still small scale and limited information is available but this a potential area for future growth. This unusual seaweed varies in colour from pink to white. For their second batch of Selkie, brewers doubled the amount to 14 barrels requiring 120 pounds of seaweed. 4 Seaweed Farming Feasibility Study for Argyll and Bute (November 2019) 78. Seaweeds require enough light to photosynthesise, so are most abundant in the intertidal, or littoral, zone especially along rocky shores, which offer plenty of secure attachment points. Other seagrass beds found in Scotland are typically small. Intertidal. They can outcompete other native species for food, light or space, forcing them to move or die out altogether. Key: S1, Forth and Tay; S2, North East; S3, Moray Firth; S4 Orkney Islands, S5, Shetland Isles; S6, North Coast; S7, West Highlands; S8, Outer Hebrides; S9, Argyll; S10, Clyde; S11, Solway; O1, Long Forties, O2, Fladen and Moray Firth Offshore; O3, East Shetland Shelf; O4, North and West Shetland Shelf; O5, Faroe-Shetland Channel; O6, North Scotland Shelf; O7, Hebrides Shelf; O8, Bailey; O9, Rockall; O10, Hatton. Grows up to five metres in length. Research to understand the key areas of growth potential for the seaweed sector and the wider economic and social impacts of possible growth scenarios. Seaweed harvesting is currently limited in scale and method and consists mainly of hand harvesting close inshore with some gathering of cast seaweed from shorelines. It is expected that the type and scale of wild harvesting will generally continue at or around current levels, in the immediate and near future until after the seaweed review has reported. And the common name? Even if you think you don't know nori, you do: it's the sushi seaweed.. ID notes: This brown seaweed forms branched fronds 50 to 80cm in length. This method involves the collection of beach-cast species from the strandline by hand. Found on rocks on lower shore. Kelps are mainly found on suitable rocky areas all around the Scottish coastline, most extensively around Skye and the west coast mainland, as well as along the coast of the Inner and Outer Hebrides ( e.g. Non-native species are those that wouldnt normally be found in the UK. The wracks and kelps are physically large organisms which often dominate particular zones on the shores where they occur.
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